Years of Education

Please circle the highest year of school you completed:

Primary school	High school	College/University	Graduate school	Post- graduate
1 2 3 4 5 6	7 8 9 10 11 12	13 14 15 16	17 18 19 20 21 22	23+

Scoring

This is a single item. Score the highest number indicated. If "23+" circled, score as "23".

Characteristics

Tested on 928 subjects with chronic disease.

No. of items	Observed Range	Mean	Standard Deviation	Internal Consistency Reliability	Test-Retest Reliability
1	1-23	14.9	3.01	—	NA

Source of Psychometric Data

Stanford Chronic Disease Self-Management Study. Psychometrics reported in: Lorig K, Sobel DS, Stewart A, Brown WB, Bandura A, Ritter P, González V, Laurent D, & Holman HR. Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization. Medical Care, 1999, 37: pp.5-14.

Comments

Education is often used in research as a surrogate for socioeconomic status, and is less objectionable to subjects than asking income. For researchers outside of the U.S. educational system, this item should be adjusted to reflect their own educational system. This item available in Spanish.

References

Lorig K, Sobel DS, Stewart A, Brown WB, Bandura A, Ritter P, González V, Laurent D, & Holman HR. Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing hospitalization. Medical Care, 1999, 37: pp.5-14.

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