Thomas Rando, MD, PhD
Professor of Neurology
Neurology & Neurological Sciences
Academic Appointments
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Professor, Neurology & Neurological Sciences
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Member, Bio-X
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Member, Cardiovascular Institute
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Member, Stanford Neurosciences Institute
Administrative Appointments
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Founding Director, Muscular Dystrophy Association Clinic, Stanford Medical Center (1999 - 2003)
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Director, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Palo Alto VA Medical Center (2000 - 2007)
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Chief, Neurology Service, Palo Alto VA Medical Center (1996 - Present)
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Deputy Director, Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford University (2006 - Present)
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Director, Rehabilitation Research & Development Center of Excellence, Palo Alto VA Medical Center (2009 - Present)
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Director, The Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine (2011 - Present)
Honors & Awards
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Frederick E. Terman Fellowship, Stanford University (1996)
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Paul Beeson Physician Faculty Scholar in Aging, American Federation for Aging Research (1999)
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Ellison Medical Foundation Senior Scholar Award in Aging, The Ellison Medical Foundation (2004)
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NIH Director's Pioneer Award, NIH (2005)
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NIH Transformative R01 (coPI with Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray), NIH (2013)
Professional Education
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MD, Harvard Medical School, Medicine (1987)
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PhD, Harvard University, Cell and Develomental Biology (1987)
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AB, Harvard College, Biochemistry (1979)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests
A major interest of the lab is the mechanism by which stem cells maintain a quiescent state, are activated to undergo proliferative expansion and differentiation, and undergo self-renewal. We focus specifically on stem cells from skeletal muscle, but study comparable processes in stem cells other mesenchymal tissue (e.g. fat) and epithelia (e.g. skin, gut, and neuro-epithelia). Our studies have focused primarily on the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways in these processes.
We have found that activation of the Notch signaling pathway is critical to the transition of muscle stem cells ("satellite cells") from a quiescent state to one of active proliferation. The regulation of Notch signaling by its inhibitor Numb appears to determine lineage progression and cell fate determination. Numb is found to be localized asymmetrically in dividing progenitor cells and may be involved in the process of satellite cell self-renewal. We subsequently found that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway occurs during muscle injury when satellite cells are proliferating. There appears to be an antagonistic interaction between Notch and Wnt signaling in activated satellite cells during this process. Furthermore, we have found that the age-related impairment of muscle regeneration is due to a decline in effective Notch signaling, manifested initially as a failure of injured muscle to up-regulate the Notch ligand, Delta. We are currently exploring further the regulation of the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways during satellite cell activation, the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional control of Delta expression, and epigenetic processes that may account for age-related changes in these pathways. Our near-term goals are to identify the key signaling processes that control satellite cell activation and lineage progression in order to enhance muscle regeneration.
Current studies are focused on the role of post-transcriptional regulation of stem cell quiescence and activation. We have discovered unique sets of microRNAs that regulate these processes and show targets are important for maintaining quiescence of promotion cell cycle entry. Ongoing studies are also addressing the role of long, intergenic non-coding RNAs in regulating stem cell function.
Our studies of stem cell aging have focused on two major areas. First, we are using microarray and next-generation high throughput sequencing to derive molecular signatures of young and old stem cells and the transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Second, we have pioneered the use of heterochronic parabiosis to study potential mechanisms of rejuvenation whereby an aged stem cell is reprogrammed to become a young stem cell. We have been intrigued by possibility of aging being viewed as an epigenetic state, at least in part, and we are testing this hypothesis in various models in vivo and in vitro.
With regard to studies of muscular dystrophies, a major interest is the development of fibrosis and adiposis. We have intriguing data that the impairment of regeneration and the development of these pathological changes may arise, at least in part, from the conversion of muscle stem cells from the myogenic lineage to other mesenchymal lineages. These finding parallel what we have found in aged muscle as well. We are currently developing mouse models that will serve as degeneration reporter mice and regeneration reporter mice that will allow the assessment of disease progression and response to treatment non-invasively.
2017-18 Courses
- Current Issues in Aging
GENE 221 (Spr) -
Independent Studies (16)
- Directed Investigation
BIOE 392 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading in Cancer Biology
CBIO 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading in Neurology and Neurological Science
NENS 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Directed Reading in Neurosciences
NEPR 299 (Aut, Sum) - Directed Reading in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
STEMREM 299 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Early Clinical Experience in Neurology and Neurological Sciences
NENS 280 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Graduate Research
CBIO 399 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Graduate Research
NENS 399 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Graduate Research
NEPR 399 (Aut, Sum) - Graduate Research
STEMREM 399 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Medical Scholars Research
NENS 370 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Medical Scholars Research
STEMREM 370 (Aut, Win, Spr) - Out-of-Department Graduate Research
BIO 300X (Win, Spr, Sum) - Teaching in Cancer Biology
CBIO 260 (Spr) - Undergraduate Research
NENS 199 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum) - Undergraduate Research
STEMREM 199 (Aut, Win, Spr)
- Directed Investigation
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Prior Year Courses
2016-17 Courses
- Current Issues in Aging
GENE 221 (Spr)
2014-15 Courses
- Current Issues in Aging
GENE 221 (Spr)
- Current Issues in Aging
Stanford Advisees
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Doctoral Dissertation Reader (AC)
Paras Minhas -
Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
Marina Arjona Nino, Joel Benjamin, Abhijnya Kanugovi, Jayesh Salvi -
Doctoral Dissertation Advisor (AC)
Jamie Brett, Peter Dykstra -
Postdoctoral Research Mentor
Steven Baker
All Publications
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Lysosome activation clears aggregates and enhances quiescent neural stem cell activation during aging
SCIENCE
2018; 359 (6381): 1277–82
Abstract
In the adult brain, the neural stem cell (NSC) pool comprises quiescent and activated populations with distinct roles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that quiescent and activated NSCs exhibited differences in their protein homeostasis network. Whereas activated NSCs had active proteasomes, quiescent NSCs contained large lysosomes. Quiescent NSCs from young mice accumulated protein aggregates, and many of these aggregates were stored in large lysosomes. Perturbation of lysosomal activity in quiescent NSCs affected protein-aggregate accumulation and the ability of quiescent NSCs to activate. During aging, quiescent NSCs displayed defects in their lysosomes, increased accumulation of protein aggregates, and reduced ability to activate. Enhancement of the lysosome pathway in old quiescent NSCs cleared protein aggregates and ameliorated the ability of quiescent NSCs to activate, allowing them to regain a more youthful state.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.aag3048
View details for Web of Science ID 000427504900046
View details for PubMedID 29590078
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5915358
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Regenerative Rehabilitation: Applied Biophysics Meets Stem Cell Therapeutics
CELL STEM CELL
2018; 22 (3): 306–9
Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative rehabilitation integrates biological and bioengineering advances in regenerative medicine with rehabilitative sciences. Here we highlight recent stem cell-based examples of the regenerative rehabilitation paradigm to promote tissue repair and regeneration, and we discuss remaining challenges and future directions for the field.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000426471000011
View details for PubMedID 29499150
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5931336
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Inhibition of Methyltransferase Setd7 Allows the In Vitro Expansion of Myogenic Stem Cells with Improved Therapeutic Potential
CELL STEM CELL
2018; 22 (2): 177-+
Abstract
The development of cell therapy for repairing damaged or diseased skeletal muscle has been hindered by the inability to significantly expand immature, transplantable myogenic stem cells (MuSCs) in culture. To overcome this limitation, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms regulating the transition between activated, proliferating MuSCs and differentiation-primed, poorly engrafting progenitors is needed. Here, we show that methyltransferase Setd7 facilitates such transition by regulating the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in proliferating MuSCs. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Setd7 promotes in vitro expansion of MuSCs and increases the yield of primary myogenic cell cultures. Upon transplantation, both mouse and human MuSCs expanded with a Setd7 small-molecule inhibitor are better able to repopulate the satellite cell niche, and treated mouse MuSCs show enhanced therapeutic potential in preclinical models of muscular dystrophy. Thus, Setd7 inhibition may help bypass a key obstacle in the translation of cell therapy for muscle disease.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2017.12.010
View details for Web of Science ID 000423840400010
View details for PubMedID 29395054
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mTORC1 Activation during Repeated Regeneration Impairs Somatic Stem Cell Maintenance
CELL STEM CELL
2017; 21 (6): 806-+
Abstract
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation ensures long-term maintenance of stem cell (SC) pools in regenerating epithelial tissues. This balance is challenged during periods of high regenerative pressure and is often compromised in aged animals. Here, we show that target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling is a key regulator of SC loss during repeated regenerative episodes. In response to regenerative stimuli, SCs in the intestinal epithelium of the fly and in the tracheal epithelium of mice exhibit transient activation of TOR signaling. Although this activation is required for SCs to rapidly proliferate in response to damage, repeated rounds of damage lead to SC loss. Consistently, age-related SC loss in the mouse trachea and in muscle can be prevented by pharmacologic or genetic inhibition, respectively, of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. These findings highlight an evolutionarily conserved role of TOR signaling in SC function and identify repeated rounds of mTORC1 activation as a driver of age-related SC decline.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.008
View details for Web of Science ID 000417729700015
View details for PubMedID 29220665
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5823264
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Transcriptional Profiling of Quiescent Muscle Stem Cells In Vivo
CELL REPORTS
2017; 21 (7): 1994–2004
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) persist in a quiescent state and activate in response to specific stimuli. The quiescent state is both actively maintained and dynamically regulated. However, analyses of quiescence have come primarily from cells removed from their niche. Although these cells are still quiescent, biochemical changes certainly occur during the isolation process. Here, we analyze the transcriptome of MuSCs in vivo utilizing MuSC-specific labeling of RNA. Notably, labeling transcripts during the isolation procedure revealed very active transcription of specific subsets of genes. However, using the transcription inhibitor α-amanitin, we show that the ex vivo transcriptome remains largely reflective of the in vivo transcriptome. Together, these data provide perspective on the molecular regulation of the quiescent state at the transcriptional level, demonstrate the utility of these tools for probing transcriptional dynamics in vivo, and provide an invaluable resource for understanding stem cell state transitions.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.037
View details for Web of Science ID 000415073200023
View details for PubMedID 29141228
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5711481
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Smad3 initiates oxidative stress and proteolysis that underlies diaphragm dysfunction during mechanical ventilation
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
2017; 7: 14530
Abstract
Prolonged use of mechanical ventilation (MV) leads to atrophy and dysfunction of the major inspiratory muscle, the diaphragm, contributing to ventilator dependence. Numerous studies have shown that proteolysis and oxidative stress are among the major effectors of ventilator-induced diaphragm muscle dysfunction (VIDD), but the upstream initiator(s) of this process remain to be elucidated. We report here that periodic diaphragm contraction via phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) substantially reduces MV-induced proteolytic activity and oxidative stress in the diaphragm. We show that MV rapidly induces phosphorylation of Smad3, and PNS nearly completely prevents this effect. In cultured cells, overexpressed Smad3 is sufficient to induce oxidative stress and protein degradation, whereas inhibition of Smad3 activity suppresses these events. In rats subjected to MV, inhibition of Smad3 activity by SIS3 suppresses oxidative stress and protein degradation in the diaphragm and prevents the reduction in contractility that is induced by MV. Smad3's effect appears to link to STAT3 activity, which we previously identified as a regulator of VIDD. Inhibition of Smad3 suppresses STAT3 signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, MV-induced diaphragm inactivity initiates catabolic changes via rapid activation of Smad3 signaling. An early intervention with PNS and/or pharmaceutical inhibition of Smad3 may prevent clinical VIDD.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-11978-4
View details for Web of Science ID 000414415000030
View details for PubMedID 29109401
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5673963
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Staufen1 inhibits MyoD translation to actively maintain muscle stem cell quiescence
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2017; 114 (43): E8996–E9005
Abstract
Tissue regeneration depends on the timely activation of adult stem cells. In skeletal muscle, the adult stem cells maintain a quiescent state and proliferate upon injury. We show that muscle stem cells (MuSCs) use direct translational repression to maintain the quiescent state. High-resolution single-molecule and single-cell analyses demonstrate that quiescent MuSCs express high levels of Myogenic Differentiation 1 (MyoD) transcript in vivo, whereas MyoD protein is absent. RNA pulldowns and costainings show that MyoD mRNA interacts with Staufen1, a potent regulator of mRNA localization, translation, and stability. Staufen1 prevents MyoD translation through its interaction with the MyoD 3'-UTR. MuSCs from Staufen1 heterozygous (Staufen1+/-) mice have increased MyoD protein expression, exit quiescence, and begin proliferating. Conversely, blocking MyoD translation maintains the quiescent phenotype. Collectively, our data show that MuSCs express MyoD mRNA and actively repress its translation to remain quiescent yet primed for activation.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1708725114
View details for Web of Science ID 000413520700011
View details for PubMedID 29073096
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5664522
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Bioengineered constructs combined with exercise enhance stem cell-mediated treatment of volumetric muscle loss
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
2017; 8: 15613
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is associated with loss of skeletal muscle function, and current treatments show limited efficacy. Here we show that bioconstructs suffused with genetically-labelled muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and other muscle resident cells (MRCs) are effective to treat VML injuries in mice. Imaging of bioconstructs implanted in damaged muscles indicates MuSCs survival and growth, and ex vivo analyses show force restoration of treated muscles. Histological analysis highlights myofibre formation, neovascularisation, but insufficient innervation. Both innervation and in vivo force production are enhanced when implantation of bioconstructs is followed by an exercise regimen. Significant improvements are also observed when bioconstructs are used to treat chronic VML injury models. Finally, we demonstrate that bioconstructs made with human MuSCs and MRCs can generate functional muscle tissue in our VML model. These data suggest that stem cell-based therapies aimed to engineer tissue in vivo may be effective to treat acute and chronic VML.
View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms15613
View details for Web of Science ID 000403693500001
View details for PubMedID 28631758
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5481841
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Aging of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix drives a stem cell fibrogenic conversion
AGING CELL
2017; 16 (3): 518–28
Abstract
Age-related declines in skeletal muscle regeneration have been attributed to muscle stem cell (MuSC) dysfunction. Aged MuSCs display a fibrogenic conversion, leading to fibrosis and impaired recovery after injury. Although studies have demonstrated the influence of in vitro substrate characteristics on stem cell fate, whether and how aging of the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects stem cell behavior has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the direct effect of the aged muscle ECM on MuSC lineage specification. Quantification of ECM topology and muscle mechanical properties reveals decreased collagen tortuosity and muscle stiffening with increasing age. Age-related ECM alterations directly disrupt MuSC responses, and MuSCs seeded ex vivo onto decellularized ECM constructs derived from aged muscle display increased expression of fibrogenic markers and decreased myogenicity, compared to MuSCs seeded onto young ECM. This fibrogenic conversion is recapitulated in vitro when MuSCs are seeded directly onto matrices elaborated by aged fibroblasts. When compared to young fibroblasts, fibroblasts isolated from aged muscle display increased nuclear levels of the mechanosensors, Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), consistent with exposure to a stiff microenvironment in vivo. Accordingly, preconditioning of young fibroblasts by seeding them onto a substrate engineered to mimic the stiffness of aged muscle increases YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation and promotes secretion of a matrix that favors MuSC fibrogenesis. The findings here suggest that an age-related increase in muscle stiffness drives YAP/TAZ-mediated pathogenic expression of matricellular proteins by fibroblasts, ultimately disrupting MuSC fate.
View details for DOI 10.1111/acel.12578
View details for Web of Science ID 000402426900011
View details for PubMedID 28371268
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5418187
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Evolved AAV Capsids for Intramuscular Passive Vaccine Administration to Human Skeletal Muscle
CELL PRESS. 2017: 96
View details for Web of Science ID 000401083600200
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HGFA Is an Injury-Regulated Systemic Factor that Induces the Transition of Stem Cells into G(Alert)
CELL REPORTS
2017; 19 (3): 479-486
Abstract
The activation of quiescent stem cells into the cell cycle is a key step in initiating the process of tissue repair. We recently reported that quiescent stem cells can transition into GAlert, a cellular state in which they have an increased functional ability to activate and participate in tissue repair. However, the precise molecular signals that induce GAlert in stem cells have remained elusive. Here, we show that the injury-induced regulation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) proteolytic processing via the systemic protease, hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA), stimulates GAlert in skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). We demonstrate that administering active HGFA to animals is sufficient to induce GAlert in stem cells throughout the body and to significantly accelerate the processes of stem cell activation and tissue repair. Our data suggest that factors that induce GAlert will have broad therapeutic applications for regenerative medicine and wound healing.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.066
View details for Web of Science ID 000401133100005
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5468096
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Deltex2 represses MyoD expression and inhibits myogenic differentiation by acting as a negative regulator of Jmjd1c
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2017; 114 (15): E3071-E3080
Abstract
The myogenic regulatory factor MyoD has been implicated as a key regulator of myogenesis, and yet there is little information regarding its upstream regulators. We found that Deltex2 inhibits myogenic differentiation in vitro, and that skeletal muscle stem cells from Deltex2 knockout mice exhibit precocious myogenic differentiation and accelerated regeneration in response to injury. Intriguingly, Deltex2 inhibits myogenesis by suppressing MyoD transcription, and the Deltex2 knockout phenotype can be rescued by a loss-of-function allele for MyoD In addition, we obtained evidence that Deltex2 regulates MyoD expression by promoting the enrichment of histone 3 modified by dimethylation at lysine 9 at a key regulatory region of the MyoD locus. The enrichment is attributed to a Deltex2 interacting protein, Jmjd1c, whose activity is directly inhibited by Deltex2 and whose expression is required for MyoD expression in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we find that Deltex2 causes Jmjd1c monoubiquitination and inhibits its demethylase activity. Mutation of the monoubiquitination site in Jmjd1c abolishes the inhibitory effect of Deltex2 on Jmjd1c demethylase activity. These results reveal a mechanism by which a member of the Deltex family of proteins can inhibit cellular differentiation, and demonstrate a role of Deltex in the epigenetic regulation of myogenesis.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1613592114
View details for Web of Science ID 000398789800012
View details for PubMedID 28351977
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The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor MSI-1436 stimulates regeneration of heart and multiple other tissues
NPJ REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
2017; 2: 4
Abstract
Regenerative medicine holds substantial promise for repairing or replacing tissues and organs damaged by disease, injury, and degeneration. Much of the field has focused on development of cell-based therapeutics, gene-based therapeutics, and tissue engineering-based therapeutics. In contrast, development of small molecule regenerative medicine therapies is an emerging area. Using the adult zebrafish as a novel screening platform, we identified MSI-1436 as a first-in-class regenerative medicine drug candidate. MSI-1436 is a naturally occurring aminosterol that inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Treatment of adult zebrafish by intraperitoneal injection of MSI-1436 increased the rate of regeneration of the amputated caudal fin, which is comprised of bone, connective, skin, vascular and nervous tissues and also increased the rate of adult zebrafish heart regeneration. Intraperitoneal administration of MSI-1436 to adult mice for 4 weeks after induction of myocardial infarction increased survival, improved heart function, reduced infarct size, reduced ventricular wall thinning and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation. Satellite cell activation in injured mouse skeletal muscle was stimulated by MSI-1436. MSI-1436 was well tolerated by patients in Phase 1 and 1b obesity and type 2 diabetes clinical trials. Doses effective at stimulating regeneration are 5-50-times lower than the maximum well tolerated human dose. The demonstrated safety and well established pharmacological properties of MSI-1436 underscore the potential of this molecule as a novel treatment for heart attack and multiple other degenerative diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41536-017-0008-1
View details for Web of Science ID 000413751700001
View details for PubMedID 29302341
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5677970
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Fleeting factors, turning back time
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
2017; 35 (3): 218–20
View details for DOI 10.1038/nbt.3817
View details for Web of Science ID 000395924600019
View details for PubMedID 28267729
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Interaction between epigenetic and metabolism in aging stem cells.
Current opinion in cell biology
2017; 45: 1-7
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in tissue function, regeneration, and repair. A large part of this decline is caused by the deterioration of tissue stem cell function. Understanding the mechanisms that drive stem cell aging and how to counteract them is a critical step for enhancing tissue repair and maintenance during aging. Emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic modifiers and metabolism regulators interact to impact lifespan, suggesting that this mechanism may also affect stem cell function with age. This review focuses on the interaction between chromatin and metabolism in the regulation of tissue stem cells during aging. We also discuss how these mechanisms integrate environmental stimuli such as nutrient stress to regulate stem cell function. Finally, this review examines new perspectives for regeneration, rejuvenation, and treatment of age-related decline of stem cell function.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.12.009
View details for PubMedID 28129586
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Intronic polyadenylation of PDGFR alpha in resident stem cells attenuates muscle fibrosis
NATURE
2016; 540 (7632): 276-?
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) exhibits divergent effects in skeletal muscle. At physiological levels, signalling through this receptor promotes muscle development in growing embryos and angiogenesis in regenerating adult muscle. However, both increased PDGF ligand abundance and enhanced PDGFRα pathway activity cause pathological fibrosis. This excessive collagen deposition, which is seen in aged and diseased muscle, interferes with muscle function and limits the effectiveness of gene- and cell-based therapies for muscle disorders. Although compelling evidence exists for the role of PDGFRα in fibrosis, little is known about the cells through which this pathway acts. Here we show in mice that PDGFRα signalling regulates a population of muscle-resident fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) that play a supportive role in muscle regeneration but may also cause fibrosis when aberrantly regulated. We found that FAPs produce multiple transcriptional variants of Pdgfra with different polyadenylation sites, including an intronic variant that codes for a protein isoform containing a truncated kinase domain. This variant, upregulated during regeneration, acts as a decoy to inhibit PDGF signalling and to prevent FAP over-activation. Moreover, increasing the expression of this isoform limits fibrosis in vivo in mice, suggesting both biological relevance and therapeutic potential of modulating polyadenylation patterns in stem-cell populations.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature20160
View details for Web of Science ID 000389548700058
View details for PubMedID 27894125
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5384334
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Engineering Pre-Vascularized Skeletal Muscle for Treatment of Volumetric Muscle Loss
MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. 2016: S22
View details for Web of Science ID 000390569200079
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An artificial niche preserves the quiescence of muscle stem cells and enhances their therapeutic efficacy.
Nature biotechnology
2016; 34 (7): 752-759
Abstract
A promising therapeutic strategy for diverse genetic disorders involves transplantation of autologous stem cells that have been genetically corrected ex vivo. A major challenge in such approaches is a loss of stem cell potency during culture. Here we describe an artificial niche for maintaining muscle stem cells (MuSCs) in vitro in a potent, quiescent state. Using a machine learning method, we identified a molecular signature of quiescence and used it to screen for factors that could maintain mouse MuSC quiescence, thus defining a quiescence medium (QM). We also engineered muscle fibers that mimic the native myofiber of the MuSC niche. Mouse MuSCs maintained in QM on engineered fibers showed enhanced potential for engraftment, tissue regeneration and self-renewal after transplantation in mice. An artificial niche adapted to human cells similarly extended the quiescence of human MuSCs in vitro and enhanced their potency in vivo. Our approach for maintaining quiescence may be applicable to stem cells isolated from other tissues.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nbt.3576
View details for PubMedID 27240197
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4942359
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AAV Capsid Evolution for Enhanced Antibody Delivery to Human Skeletal Muscle for Use in Next-Generation HIV Vaccines and Muscle Gene Therapies
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2016: S284–S285
View details for DOI 10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33530-4
View details for Web of Science ID 000375264200710
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UTX in muscle regeneration - the right dose and the right time
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
2016; 126 (4): 1233–35
Abstract
Precise epigenetic modifications in stem cells control developmental programs and cell fate decisions. In particular, the addition or removal of trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) at lineage-specific genes has been linked to the repression of gene expression, and a precise balance of methyltransferases and demethylases within cells determines H3K27me3 levels. The demethylase UTX is essential for development and tissue homeostasis; however, a role for UTX in stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration is unknown. In this issue of the JCI, Dilworth and colleagues reveal that UTX and its demethylase activity are required in the muscle stem cell lineage for muscle regeneration in response to injury. Specifically, UTX mediates the removal of H3K27me3 in the promoter of the transcription factor myogenin, which regulates myogenic differentiation. The results of this study provide important insight into the contribution of epigenetic regulation in stem cell-mediated regeneration of adult tissues.
View details for DOI 10.1172/JCI86798
View details for Web of Science ID 000373522300013
View details for PubMedID 26999609
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4811162
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Stem cells and healthy aging
SCIENCE
2015; 350 (6265): 1199-1204
Abstract
Research into stem cells and aging aims to understand how stem cells maintain tissue health, what mechanisms ultimately lead to decline in stem cell function with age, and how the regenerative capacity of somatic stem cells can be enhanced to promote healthy aging. Here, we explore the effects of aging on stem cells in different tissues. Recent research has focused on the ways that genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and the extrinsic environmental milieu influence stem cell functionality over time. We describe each of these three factors, the ways in which they interact, and how these interactions decrease stem cell health over time. We are optimistic that a better understanding of these changes will uncover potential strategies to enhance stem cell function and increase tissue resiliency into old age.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.aab3388
View details for Web of Science ID 000365700500063
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Ex Vivo Expansion and In Vivo Self-Renewal of Human Muscle Stem Cells
STEM CELL REPORTS
2015; 5 (4): 621-632
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), regenerate functional muscle following transplantation into injured or diseased tissue. To gain insight into human SC (huSC) biology, we analyzed transcriptome dynamics by RNA sequencing of prospectively isolated quiescent and activated huSCs. This analysis indicated that huSCs differentiate and lose proliferative potential when maintained in high-mitogen conditions ex vivo. Further analysis of gene expression revealed that p38 MAPK acts in a transcriptional network underlying huSC self-renewal. Activation of p38 signaling correlated with huSC differentiation, while inhibition of p38 reversibly prevented differentiation, enabling expansion of huSCs. When transplanted, expanded huSCs differentiated to generate chimeric muscle and engrafted as SCs in the sublaminar niche with a greater frequency than freshly isolated cells or cells cultured without p38 inhibition. These studies indicate characteristics of the huSC transcriptome that promote expansion ex vivo to allow enhanced functional engraftment of a defined population of self-renewing huSCs.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.004
View details for Web of Science ID 000364990900015
View details for PubMedID 26344908
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4624935
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Isolation of skeletal muscle stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting
NATURE PROTOCOLS
2015; 10 (10): 1612-1624
Abstract
The prospective isolation of purified stem cell populations has dramatically altered the field of stem cell biology, and it has been a major focus of research across tissues in different organisms. Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are now among the most intensely studied stem cell populations in mammalian systems, and the prospective isolation of these cells has allowed cellular and molecular characterizations that were not dreamed of a decade ago. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate MuSCs from limb muscles of adult mice by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We provide a detailed description of the physical and enzymatic dissociation of mononucleated cells from limb muscles, a procedure that is essential in order to maximize cell yield. We also describe a FACS-based method that is used subsequently to obtain highly pure populations of either quiescent or activated MuSCs (VCAM(+)CD31(-)CD45(-)Sca1(-)). The isolation process takes ∼5-6 h to complete. The protocol also allows for the isolation of endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells from muscle tissue.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nprot.2015.110
View details for Web of Science ID 000361832200011
View details for PubMedID 26401916
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4793971
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Mimicking the niche: cytokines expand muscle stem cells
CELL RESEARCH
2015; 25 (7): 761-762
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) have long been considered to be potential therapeutic vehicles for diseases of muscle such as muscular dystrophies. A recent study published in Cell Research by Fu et al. reveals that recapitulating in vitro the in vivo microenvironment of MuSCs that occurs during muscle regeneration might be a major step towards translation.
View details for DOI 10.1038/cr.2015.78
View details for Web of Science ID 000357516000001
View details for PubMedID 26113258
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4493285
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AAV Capsid Evolution for Enhanced Antibody Delivery To Human Muscle for Use in Next-Generation HIV Vaccines
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2015: S122–S123
View details for DOI 10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33912-0
View details for Web of Science ID 000359951700308
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Synergizing Engineering and Biology to Treat and Model Skeletal Muscle Injury and Disease
ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 17
2015; 17: 217–42
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is one of the most regenerative organs in our body, various genetic defects, alterations in extrinsic signaling, or substantial tissue damage can impair muscle function and the capacity for self-repair. The diversity and complexity of muscle disorders have attracted much interest from both cell biologists and, more recently, bioengineers, leading to concentrated efforts to better understand muscle pathology and develop more efficient therapies. This review describes the biological underpinnings of muscle development, repair, and disease, and discusses recent bioengineering efforts to design and control myomimetic environments, both to study muscle biology and function and to aid in the development of new drug, cell, and gene therapies for muscle disorders. The synergy between engineering-aided biological discovery and biology-inspired engineering solutions will be the path forward for translating laboratory results into clinical practice.
View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040640
View details for Web of Science ID 000367291800009
View details for PubMedID 26643021
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4858326
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A Wnt-TGF beta 2 axis induces a fibrogenic program in muscle stem cells from dystrophic mice
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
2014; 6 (267)
Abstract
We have previously observed that Wnt signaling activates a fibrogenic program in adult muscle stem cells, called satellite cells, during aging. We genetically labeled satellite cells in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy to follow their fate during the progression of the disease. We observed that a fraction of satellite cells had a reduced myogenic potential and showed enhanced expression of profibrotic genes compared to age-matched controls. By combining in vitro and in vivo results, we found that expression of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2) was induced in response to elevated canonical Wnt signaling in dystrophic muscles and that the resulting increase in TGFβ activity affected the behavior of satellite cells in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of the TGFβ pathway in vivo reduced the fibrogenic characteristics of satellite cells. These studies shed new light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for stem cell dysfunction in dystrophic muscle and may contribute to the development of more effective and specific therapeutic approaches for the prevention of muscle fibrosis.
View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008411
View details for Web of Science ID 000346463000001
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4350665
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of Stem Cell Aging and Rejuvenation
AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY. 2014
View details for Web of Science ID 000349233806161
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Stem Cell Energetics
CELL STEM CELL
2014; 15 (6): 679–82
View details for Web of Science ID 000347174300006
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Induction of autophagy supports the bioenergetic demands of quiescent muscle stem cell activation
EMBO JOURNAL
2014; 33 (23): 2782-2797
Abstract
The exit of a stem cell out of quiescence into an activated state is characterized by major metabolic changes associated with increased biosynthesis of proteins and macromolecules. The regulation of this transition is poorly understood. Using muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), we found that autophagy, which catabolizes intracellular contents to maintain proteostasis and to produce energy during nutrient deprivation, was induced during SC activation. Inhibition of autophagy suppressed the increase in ATP levels and delayed SC activation, both of which could be partially rescued by exogenous pyruvate as an energy source, suggesting that autophagy may provide nutrients necessary to meet bioenergetic demands during this critical transition from quiescence to activation. We found that SIRT1, a known nutrient sensor, regulates autophagic flux in SC progeny. A deficiency of SIRT1 led to a delay in SC activation that could also be partially rescued by exogenous pyruvate. These studies suggest that autophagy, regulated by SIRT1, may play an important role during SC activation to meet the high bioenergetic demands of the activation process.
View details for Web of Science ID 000345770000006
View details for PubMedID 25316028
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4282556
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Geroscience: Linking Aging to Chronic Disease
CELL
2014; 159 (4): 708–12
Abstract
Mammalian aging can be delayed with genetic, dietary, and pharmacologic approaches. Given that the elderly population is dramatically increasing and that aging is the greatest risk factor for a majority of chronic diseases driving both morbidity and mortality, it is critical to expand geroscience research directed at extending human healthspan.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.039
View details for Web of Science ID 000344522000002
View details for PubMedID 25417146
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4852871
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Translational strategies and challenges in regenerative medicine
NATURE MEDICINE
2014; 20 (8): 814-821
Abstract
The scientific community is currently witnessing substantial strides in understanding stem cell biology in humans; however, major disappointments in translating this knowledge into medical therapies are flooding the field as well. Despite these setbacks, investigators are determined to better understand the caveats of regeneration, so that major pathways of repair and regrowth can be exploited in treating aged and diseased tissues. Last year, in an effort to contribute to this burgeoning field, Nature Medicine, in collaboration with the Volkswagen Foundation, organized a meeting with a panel of experts in regenerative medicine to identify the most pressing challenges, as well as the crucial strategies and stem cell concepts that can best help advance the translational regenerative field. Here some experts who participated in the meeting provide an outlook at some of those key issues and concepts.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nm.3627
View details for Web of Science ID 000340074600013
View details for PubMedID 25100527
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H3K4me3 Breadth Is Linked to Cell Identity and Transcriptional Consistency.
Cell
2014; 158 (3): 673-688
Abstract
Trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is a chromatin modification known to mark the transcription start sites of active genes. Here, we show that H3K4me3 domains that spread more broadly over genes in a given cell type preferentially mark genes that are essential for the identity and function of that cell type. Using the broadest H3K4me3 domains as a discovery tool in neural progenitor cells, we identify novel regulators of these cells. Machine learning models reveal that the broadest H3K4me3 domains represent a distinct entity, characterized by increased marks of elongation. The broadest H3K4me3 domains also have more paused polymerase at their promoters, suggesting a unique transcriptional output. Indeed, genes marked by the broadest H3K4me3 domains exhibit enhanced transcriptional consistency and [corrected] increased transcriptional levels, and perturbation of H3K4me3 breadth leads to changes in transcriptional consistency. Thus, H3K4me3 breadth contains information that could ensure transcriptional precision at key cell identity/function genes.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.027
View details for PubMedID 25083876
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4137894
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Lineage of origin in rhabdomyosarcoma informs pharmacological response.
Genes & development
2014; 28 (14): 1578-1591
Abstract
Lineage or cell of origin of cancers is often unknown and thus is not a consideration in therapeutic approaches. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is an aggressive childhood cancer for which the cell of origin remains debated. We used conditional genetic mouse models of aRMS to activate the pathognomonic Pax3:Foxo1 fusion oncogene and inactivate p53 in several stages of prenatal and postnatal muscle development. We reveal that lineage of origin significantly influences tumor histomorphology and sensitivity to targeted therapeutics. Furthermore, we uncovered differential transcriptional regulation of the Pax3:Foxo1 locus by tumor lineage of origin, which led us to identify the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat as a pharmacological agent for the potential conversion of Pax3:Foxo1-positive aRMS to a state akin to fusion-negative RMS through direct transcriptional suppression of Pax3:Foxo1.
View details for DOI 10.1101/gad.238733.114
View details for PubMedID 25030697
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4102765
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The JAK-STAT Pathway Is Critical in Ventilator-Induced Diaphragm Dysfunction
MOLECULAR MEDICINE
2014; 20: 579-589
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the lynchpins of modern intensive-care medicine and is life saving in many critically ill patients. Continuous ventilator support, however, results in ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) that likely prolongs patients' need for MV and thereby leads to major associated complications and avoidable intensive care unit (ICU) deaths. Oxidative stress is a key pathogenic event in the development of VIDD, but its regulation remains largely undefined. We report here that the JAK-STAT pathway is activated in MV in the human diaphragm, as evidenced by significantly increased phosphorylation of JAK and STAT. Blockage of the JAK-STAT pathway by a JAK inhibitor in a rat MV model prevents diaphragm muscle contractile dysfunction (by ~85%, p < 0.01). We further demonstrate that activated STAT3 compromises mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress in vivo, and, interestingly, that oxidative stress also activates JAK-STAT. Inhibition of JAK-STAT prevents oxidative stress-induced protein oxidation and polyubiquitination and recovers mitochondrial function in cultured muscle cells. Therefore, in ventilated diaphragm muscle, activation of JAK-STAT is critical in regulating oxidative stress and is thereby central to the downstream pathogenesis of clinical VIDD. These findings establish the molecular basis for the therapeutic promise of JAK-STAT inhibitors in ventilated ICU patients.
View details for DOI 10.2119/molmed.2014.00049
View details for Web of Science ID 000349988800001
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4365068
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mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G(0) to G(Alert)
NATURE
2014; 510 (7505): 393-?
Abstract
A unique property of many adult stem cells is their ability to exist in a non-cycling, quiescent state. Although quiescence serves an essential role in preserving stem cell function until the stem cell is needed in tissue homeostasis or repair, defects in quiescence can lead to an impairment in tissue function. The extent to which stem cells can regulate quiescence is unknown. Here we show that the stem cell quiescent state is composed of two distinct functional phases, G0 and an 'alert' phase we term G(Alert). Stem cells actively and reversibly transition between these phases in response to injury-induced systemic signals. Using genetic mouse models specific to muscle stem cells (or satellite cells), we show that mTORC1 activity is necessary and sufficient for the transition of satellite cells from G0 into G(Alert) and that signalling through the HGF receptor cMet is also necessary. We also identify G0-to-G(Alert) transitions in several populations of quiescent stem cells. Quiescent stem cells that transition into G(Alert) possess enhanced tissue regenerative function. We propose that the transition of quiescent stem cells into G(Alert) functions as an 'alerting' mechanism, an adaptive response that positions stem cells to respond rapidly under conditions of injury and stress, priming them for cell cycle entry.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature13255
View details for Web of Science ID 000337350200034
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4065227
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Stem cells as vehicles for youthful regeneration of aged tissues.
journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences
2014; 69: S39-42
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders of aging by virtue of their ability to regenerate tissues and contribute to their homeostasis. Aging is associated with a marked decline in these functionalities of adult stem cells. As such, regeneration of aged tissues is both less efficient and less effective than that of young tissues. Recent studies have revealed the remarkably dynamic responses of stem cells to systemic signals, including the ability of "youthful" factors in the blood of young animals to enhance the functionality of aged stem cells. Thus, there is much hope that even aged stem cells retain a remarkable regenerative potential if provided with the correct cues and environment to engage in tissue repair. The overall focus of the presentations of this session is to address the determinants of changes in stem cell functionality with age, the key characteristics of stem cells in aged tissues, the extent to which those characteristics are capable of being rejuvenated and by what signals, and the potential for stem cell therapeutics for chronic diseases and acute injuries in aged individuals.
View details for DOI 10.1093/gerona/glu043
View details for PubMedID 24833585
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4022127
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Stem cells as vehicles for youthful regeneration of aged tissues.
journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences
2014; 69: S39-42
View details for DOI 10.1093/gerona/glu043
View details for PubMedID 24833585
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Alive and well? Exploring disease by studying lifespan
CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT
2014; 26: 33-40
Abstract
A common concept in aging research is that chronological age is the most important risk factor for the development of diverse diseases, including degenerative diseases and cancers. The mechanistic link between the aging process and disease pathogenesis, however, is still enigmatic. Nevertheless, measurement of lifespan, as a surrogate for biological aging, remains among the most frequently used assays in aging research. In this review, we examine the connection between 'normal aging' and age-related disease from the point of view that they form a continuum of aging phenotypes. This notion of common mechanisms gives rise to the converse postulate that diseases may be risk factors for accelerated aging. We explore the advantages and caveats associated with using lifespan as a metric to understand cell and tissue aging, focusing on the elucidation of molecular mechanisms and potential therapies for age-related diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.gde.2014.05.004
View details for Web of Science ID 000345060800006
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4253307
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FOXO3 Promotes Quiescence in Adult Muscle Stem Cells during the Process of Self-Renewal.
Stem cell reports
2014; 2 (4): 414-426
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells, or "satellite cells" (SCs), are required for the regeneration of damaged muscle tissue. Although SCs self-renew during regeneration, the mechanisms that govern SC re-entry into quiescence remain elusive. We show that FOXO3, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, is expressed in quiescent SCs (QSCs). Conditional deletion of Foxo3 in QSCs impairs self-renewal and increases the propensity of SCs to adopt a differentiated fate. Transcriptional analysis of SCs lacking FOXO3 revealed a downregulation of Notch signaling, a key regulator of SC quiescence. Conversely, overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) rescued the self-renewal deficit of FOXO3-deficient SCs. We show that FOXO3 regulates NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptor expression and that decreasing expression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 receptors phenocopies the effect of FOXO3 deficiency in SCs. We demonstrate that FOXO3, perhaps by activating Notch signaling, promotes the quiescent state during SC self-renewal in adult muscle regeneration.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.002
View details for PubMedID 24749067
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3986584
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Of fish aid men
NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY
2014; 10 (2): 91–92
View details for DOI 10.1038/nchembio.1449
View details for Web of Science ID 000330751600004
View details for PubMedID 24441638
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Numb-deficient satellite cells have regeneration and proliferation defects
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2013; 110 (46): 18549-18554
Abstract
The adaptor protein Numb has been implicated in the switch between cell proliferation and differentiation made by satellite cells during muscle repair. Using two genetic approaches to ablate Numb, we determined that, in its absence, muscle regeneration in response to injury was impaired. Single myofiber cultures demonstrated a lack of satellite cell proliferation in the absence of Numb, and the proliferation defect was confirmed in satellite cell cultures. Quantitative RT-PCR from Numb-deficient satellite cells demonstrated highly up-regulated expression of p21 and Myostatin, both inhibitors of myoblast proliferation. Transfection with Myostatin-specific siRNA rescued the proliferation defect of Numb-deficient satellite cells. Furthermore, overexpression of Numb in satellite cells inhibited Myostatin expression. These data indicate a unique function for Numb during the initial activation and proliferation of satellite cells in response to muscle injury.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1311628110
View details for Web of Science ID 000326830900059
View details for PubMedID 24170859
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3831958
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The CHC22 Clathrin-GLUT4 Transport Pathway Contributes to Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
PLOS ONE
2013; 8 (10)
Abstract
Mobilization of the GLUT4 glucose transporter from intracellular storage vesicles provides a mechanism for insulin-responsive glucose import into skeletal muscle. In humans, clathrin isoform CHC22 participates in formation of the GLUT4 storage compartment in skeletal muscle and fat. CHC22 function is limited to retrograde endosomal sorting and is restricted in its tissue expression and species distribution compared to the conserved CHC17 isoform that mediates endocytosis and several other membrane traffic pathways. Previously, we noted that CHC22 was expressed at elevated levels in regenerating rat muscle. Here we investigate whether the GLUT4 pathway in which CHC22 participates could play a role in muscle regeneration in humans and we test this possibility using CHC22-transgenic mice, which do not normally express CHC22. We observed that GLUT4 expression is elevated in parallel with that of CHC22 in regenerating skeletal muscle fibers from patients with inflammatory and other myopathies. Regenerating human myofibers displayed concurrent increases in expression of VAMP2, another regulator of GLUT4 transport. Regenerating fibers from wild-type mouse skeletal muscle injected with cardiotoxin also showed increased levels of GLUT4 and VAMP2. We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice expressing CHC22 in their muscle over-sequester GLUT4 and VAMP2 and have defective GLUT4 trafficking leading to diabetic symptoms. In this study, we find that muscle regeneration rates in CHC22 mice were delayed compared to wild-type mice, and myoblasts isolated from these mice did not proliferate in response to glucose. Additionally, CHC22-expressing mouse muscle displayed a fiber type switch from oxidative to glycolytic, similar to that observed in type 2 diabetic patients. These observations implicate the pathway for GLUT4 transport in regeneration of both human and mouse skeletal muscle, and demonstrate a role for this pathway in maintenance of muscle fiber type. Extrapolating these findings, CHC22 and GLUT4 can be considered markers of muscle regeneration in humans.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0077787
View details for Web of Science ID 000326334500060
View details for PubMedID 24204966
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3813726
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FOXO3 Shares Common Targets with ASCL1 Genome-wide and Inhibits ASCL1-Dependent Neurogenesis.
Cell reports
2013; 4 (3): 477-491
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors are central regulators of longevity from worms to humans. FOXO3, the FOXO isoform associated with exceptional human longevity, preserves adult neural stem cell pools. Here, we identify FOXO3 direct targets genome-wide in primary cultures of adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Interestingly, FOXO3-bound sites are enriched for motifs for bHLH transcription factors, and FOXO3 shares common targets with the proneuronal bHLH transcription factor ASCL1/MASH1 in NPCs. Analysis of the chromatin landscape reveals that FOXO3 and ASCL1 are particularly enriched at the enhancers of genes involved in neurogenic pathways. Intriguingly, FOXO3 inhibits ASCL1-dependent neurogenesis in NPCs and direct neuronal conversion in fibroblasts. FOXO3 also restrains neurogenesis in vivo. Our study identifies a genome-wide interaction between the prolongevity transcription factor FOXO3 and the cell-fate determinant ASCL1 and raises the possibility that FOXO3's ability to restrain ASCL1-dependent neurogenesis may help preserve the neural stem cell pool.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.035
View details for PubMedID 23891001
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Cardiac Aging and Rejuvenation A Sense of Humors?
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
2013; 369 (6): 575–76
View details for DOI 10.1056/NEJMcibr1306063
View details for Web of Science ID 000322842000016
View details for PubMedID 23924010
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The mortal strand hypothesis: Non-random chromosome inheritance and the biased segregation of damaged DNA.
Seminars in cell & developmental biology
2013; 24 (8-9): 653-660
Abstract
If a eukaryotic cell is to reproduce, it must duplicate its genetic information in the form of DNA, and faithfully segregate that information during a complex process of cell division. During this division process, the resulting cells inherit one, and only one, copy of each chromosome. Over thirty years ago, it was predicted that the segregation of sister chromosomes could occur non-randomly, such that a daughter cell would preferentially inherit one of the two sister chromosomes according to some characteristic of that chromosome's template DNA strand. Although this prediction has been confirmed in studies of various cell-types, we know little of both the mechanism by which the asymmetric inheritance occurs and the significance it has to cells. In this essay, we propose a new model of non-random chromosome segregation-the mortal strand hypothesis-and discuss tests of the model that will provide insight into the molecular choreography of this intriguing phenomenon.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.05.006
View details for PubMedID 23701893
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Myf5 expression during fetal myogenesis defines the developmental progenitors of adult satellite cells
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2013; 379 (2): 195-207
Abstract
Myf5 is a member of the muscle-specific determination genes and plays a critical role in skeletal muscle development. Whereas the expression of Myf5 during embryonic and fetal myogenesis has been extensively studied, its expression in progenitors that will ultimately give rise to adult satellite cells, the stem cells responsible for muscle repair, is still largely unexplored. To investigate this aspect, we have generated a mouse strain carrying a CreER coding sequence in the Myf5 locus. In this strain, Tamoxifen-inducible Cre activity parallels endogenous Myf5 expression. Combining Myf5(CreER) and Cre reporter alleles, we were able to evaluate the contribution of cells expressing Myf5 at distinct developmental stages to the pool of satellite cells in adult hindlimb muscles. Although it was possible to trace back the origin of some rare satellite cells to a subpopulation of Myf5(+ve) progenitors in the limb buds at the late embryonic stage (∼E12), a significant number of satellite cells arise from cells which expressed Myf5 for the first time at the fetal stage (∼E15). These studies provide direct evidence that adult satellite cells derive from progenitors that first express the myogenic determination gene Myf5 during fetal stages of myogenesis.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.021
View details for Web of Science ID 000320412300006
View details for PubMedID 23639729
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3679295
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Chromatin Modifications as Determinants of Muscle Stem Cell Quiescence and Chronological Aging
CELL REPORTS
2013; 4 (1): 189-204
Abstract
The ability to maintain quiescence is critical for the long-term maintenance of a functional stem cell pool. To date, the epigenetic and transcriptional characteristics of quiescent stem cells and how they change with age remain largely unknown. In this study, we explore the chromatin features of adult skeletal muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), which reside predominantly in a quiescent state in fully developed limb muscles of both young and aged mice. Using a ChIP-seq approach to obtain global epigenetic profiles of quiescent SCs (QSCs), we show that QSCs possess a permissive chromatin state in which few genes are epigenetically repressed by Polycomb group (PcG)-mediated histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), and a large number of genes encoding regulators that specify nonmyogenic lineages are demarcated by bivalent domains at their transcription start sites (TSSs). By comparing epigenetic profiles of QSCs from young and old mice, we also provide direct evidence that, with age, epigenetic changes accumulate and may lead to a functional decline in quiescent stem cells. These findings highlight the importance of chromatin mapping in understanding unique features of stem cell identity and stem cell aging.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.043
View details for Web of Science ID 000321901900018
View details for PubMedID 23810552
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A sexy spin on nonrandom chromosome segregation.
Cell stem cell
2013; 12 (6): 641-643
Abstract
Nonrandom chromosome segregation is an intriguing phenomenon linked to certain asymmetric stem cell divisions. In a recent report in Nature, Yadlapalli and Yamashita (2013) observe nonrandom segregation of X and Y chromosomes in Drosophila germline stem cells and shed light on the complex mechanisms of this fascinating process.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.013
View details for PubMedID 23746972
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3715869
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Molecular regulation of stem cell quiescence.
Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology
2013; 14 (6): 329-340
Abstract
Subsets of mammalian adult stem cells reside in the quiescent state for prolonged periods of time. This state, which is reversible, has long been viewed as dormant and with minimal basal activity. Recent advances in adult stem cell isolation have provided insights into the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of quiescence and suggest that quiescence is an actively maintained state in which signalling pathways are involved in maintaining a poised state that allows rapid activation. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms regulating adult stem cell quiescence will increase our understanding of tissue regeneration mechanisms and how they are dysregulated in pathological conditions and in ageing.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nrm3591
View details for PubMedID 23698583
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Collagen VI regulates satellite cell self-renewal and muscle regeneration
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
2013; 4
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells, or satellite cells have essential roles in homeostasis and regeneration of skeletal muscles. Satellite cells are located within a niche that includes myofibers and extracellular matrix. The function of specific extracellular matrix molecules in regulating SCs is poorly understood. Here, we show that the extracellular matrix protein collagen VI is a key component of the satellite cell niche. Lack of collagen VI in Col6a1(-/-) mice causes impaired muscle regeneration and reduced satellite cell self-renewal capability after injury. Collagen VI null muscles display significant decrease of stiffness, which is able to compromise the in vitro and in vivo activity of wild-type satellite cells. When collagen VI is reinstated in vivo by grafting wild-type fibroblasts, the biomechanical properties of Col6a1(-/-) muscles are ameliorated and satellite cell defects rescued. Our findings establish a critical role for an extracellular matrix molecule in satellite cell self-renewal and open new venues for therapies of collagen VI-related muscle diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms2964
View details for Web of Science ID 000323624100032
View details for PubMedID 23743995
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3682802
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Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity.
Aging cell
2013; 12 (3): 525-530
Abstract
Pairing two animals in parabiosis to test for systemic or circulatory factors from one animal affecting the other animal has been used in scientific studies for at least 150 years. These studies have led to advances in fields as diverse as endocrinology, immunology, and oncology. A variation on the technique, heterochronic parabiosis, whereby two animals of different ages are joined to test for systemic regulators of aspects of aging or age-related diseases also has almost a century-long scientific history. In this review, we focus on the history of heterochronic parabiosis, methodological considerations and caveats, and the major advances that have emerged from those studies, including recent advances in our understanding of stem cell aging.
View details for DOI 10.1111/acel.12065
View details for PubMedID 23489470
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Assessment of disease activity in muscular dystrophies by noninvasive imaging.
journal of clinical investigation
2013; 123 (5): 2298-2305
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a class of disorders that cause progressive muscle wasting. A major hurdle for discovering treatments for the muscular dystrophies is a lack of reliable assays to monitor disease progression in animal models. We have developed a novel mouse model to assess disease activity noninvasively in mice with muscular dystrophies. These mice express an inducible luciferase reporter gene in muscle stem cells. In dystrophic mice, muscle stem cells activate and proliferate in response to muscle degeneration, resulting in an increase in the level of luciferase expression, which can be monitored by noninvasive, bioluminescence imaging. We applied this noninvasive imaging to assess disease activity in a mouse model of the human disease limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B), caused by a mutation in the dysferlin gene. We monitored the natural history and disease progression in these dysferlin-deficient mice up to 18 months of age and were able to detect disease activity prior to the appearance of any overt disease manifestation by histopathological analyses. Disease activity was reflected by changes in luciferase activity over time, and disease burden was reflected by cumulative luciferase activity, which paralleled disease progression as determined by histopathological analysis. The ability to monitor disease activity noninvasively in mouse models of muscular dystrophy will be invaluable for the assessment of disease progression and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
View details for DOI 10.1172/JCI68458
View details for PubMedID 23619364
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3638910
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Type 2 Innate Signals Stimulate Fibro/Adipogenic Progenitors to Facilitate Muscle Regeneration
CELL
2013; 153 (2): 376-388
Abstract
In vertebrates, activation of innate immunity is an early response to injury, implicating it in the regenerative process. However, the mechanisms by which innate signals might regulate stem cell functionality are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that type 2 innate immunity is required for regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. Muscle damage results in rapid recruitment of eosinophils, which secrete IL-4 to activate the regenerative actions of muscle resident fibro/adipocyte progenitors (FAPs). In FAPs, IL-4/IL-13 signaling serves as a key switch to control their fate and functions. Activation of IL-4/IL-13 signaling promotes proliferation of FAPs to support myogenesis while inhibiting their differentiation into adipocytes. Surprisingly, type 2 cytokine signaling is also required in FAPs, but not in myeloid cells, for rapid clearance of necrotic debris, a process that is necessary for timely and complete regeneration of tissues.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.053
View details for Web of Science ID 000317349700016
View details for PubMedID 23582327
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3663598
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All's well that ends well: alternative polyadenylation and its implications for stem cell biology
CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY
2013; 25 (2): 222-232
Abstract
Stem cell quiescence, activation, and differentiation are governed by a complex network of molecular pathways. There has been a growing recognition that posttranscriptional modifications, such as alternative polyadenylation (APA) of transcripts, play an important role in regulating gene expression and function. Recent analyses of stem cell populations have suggested that APA controls stem cell fate and behavior. Here, we review recent developments that have shaped our understanding of the control of stem cell behavior by APA and we highlight promising areas for future investigation.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.12.008
View details for Web of Science ID 000317886100012
View details for PubMedID 23357469
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3615088
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The Ins and Outs of Aging and Longevity
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY, VOL 75
2013; 75: 617-619
Abstract
As a nod to the oft-quoted evolutionary theorist George Williams, "It is remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis, a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the much simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed". How and why we age are mysteries of the ages. The "how" of this mystery is the purview of experimental biologists who try to understand the basic processes that lead to system maintenance failure-from the level of molecules to that of entire organisms-that we term "aging". The "why" of this mystery is the purview of evolutionary theorists whose ideas shape the questions that biogerontologists pose, on the basis of the premise put forth by another preeminent geneticist and evolutionary biologist, Theodosius Dobzhansky, that "[n]othing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution". These experimental and evolutionary perspectives converge in the modern science of aging, and its curious cousin "longevity", in an attempt to unify extensive findings from diverse areas of biology.
View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-physiol-092712-103439
View details for Web of Science ID 000316381400027
View details for PubMedID 23398156
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Guest Editorial: Emergent themes from Second Annual Symposium on Regenerative Rehabilitation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Journal of rehabilitation research and development
2013; 50 (3): vii-xiv
View details for PubMedID 23881770
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Sprouting a new take on stem cell aging
EMBO JOURNAL
2012; 31 (21): 4103-4105
View details for DOI 10.1038/emboj.2012.281
View details for Web of Science ID 000310724300004
View details for PubMedID 23042560
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3492738
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Recent advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuromuscular diseases
CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY
2012; 25 (5): 586-587
View details for DOI 10.1097/WCO.0b013e328357f2a1
View details for Web of Science ID 000308728000010
View details for PubMedID 22892955
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The place of genetics in ageing research
NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS
2012; 13 (8): 589-594
Abstract
Rapidly increasing numbers of older people present many countries with growing social and economic challenges. Yet despite the far-reaching implications of ageing, its biological basis remains a topic of much debate. Recent advances in genomics have spurred research on ageing and lifespan in human populations, adding to extensive genetic studies being carried out in model organisms. But how far is ageing controlled by our genes? In this Viewpoint, six experts present their opinions and comment on future directions in ageing research.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nrg3290
View details for Web of Science ID 000306524400013
View details for PubMedID 22777128
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Heterochronic parabiosis for the study of the effects of aging on stem cells and their niches
CELL CYCLE
2012; 11 (12): 2260-2267
Abstract
Aging is unmistakable and undeniable in mammals. Interestingly, mice develop cataracts, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes and cognitive deficits after just 2-3 postnatal years, while it takes seven or more decades for the same age-specific phenotypes to develop in humans. Thus, chronological age corresponds differently with biological age in metazoan species and although many theories exist, we do not understand what controls the rate of mammalian aging. One interesting idea is that species-specific rate of aging represents a ratio of tissue attrition to tissue regeneration. Furthermore, current findings suggest that the age-imposed biochemical changes in the niches of tissue stem cells inhibit performance of this regenerative pool, which leads to the decline of tissue maintenance and repair. If true, slowing down stem cell and niche aging, thereby promoting tissue regeneration, could slow down the process of tissue and organismal aging. In this regard, recent studies of heterochronic parabiosis provide important clues as to the mechanisms of stem cell aging and suggest novel strategies for enhancing tissue repair in the old. Here we review current literature on the relationship between the vigor of tissue stem cells and the process of aging, with an emphasis on the rejuvenation of old tissues by the extrinsic modifications of stem cell niches.
View details for DOI 10.4161/cc.20437
View details for Web of Science ID 000305353000015
View details for PubMedID 22617385
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3383588
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Tissue-Specific Stem Cells: Lessons from the Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell
CELL STEM CELL
2012; 10 (5): 504-514
Abstract
In 1961, the satellite cell was first identified when electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle demonstrated a cell wedged between the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber and the basement membrane. In recent years it has been conclusively demonstrated that the satellite cell is the primary cellular source for muscle regeneration and is equipped with the potential to self renew, thus functioning as a bona fide skeletal muscle stem cell (MuSC). As we move past the 50(th) anniversary of the satellite cell, we take this opportunity to discuss the current state of the art and dissect the unknowns in the MuSC field.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.001
View details for Web of Science ID 000304234600009
View details for PubMedID 22560074
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3348769
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Alternative Polyadenylation Mediates MicroRNA Regulation of Muscle Stem Cell Function
CELL STEM CELL
2012; 10 (3): 327-336
Abstract
Pax3, a key myogenic regulator, is transiently expressed during activation of adult muscle stem cells, or satellite cells (SCs), and is also expressed in a subset of quiescent SCs (QSCs), but only in specific muscles. The mechanisms regulating these variations in expression are not well understood. Here we show that Pax3 levels are regulated by miR-206, a miRNA with a previously demonstrated role in myogenic differentiation. In most QSCs and activated SCs, miR-206 expression suppresses Pax3 expression. Paradoxically, QSCs that express high levels of Pax3 also express high levels of miR-206. In these QSCs, Pax3 transcripts are subject to alternative polyadenylation, resulting in transcripts with shorter 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) that render them resistant to regulation by miR-206. Similar alternate polyadenylation of the Pax3 transcript also occurs in myogenic progenitors during development. Our findings may reflect a general role of alternative polyadenylation in circumventing miRNA-mediated regulation of stem cell function.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2012.01.017
View details for Web of Science ID 000301466500013
View details for PubMedID 22385659
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3306803
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Maintenance of muscle stem-cell quiescence by microRNA-489
NATURE
2012; 482 (7386): 524-U247
Abstract
Among the key properties that distinguish adult mammalian stem cells from their more differentiated progeny is the ability of stem cells to remain in a quiescent state for prolonged periods of time. However, the molecular pathways for the maintenance of stem-cell quiescence remain elusive. Here we use adult mouse muscle stem cells (satellite cells) as a model system and show that the microRNA (miRNA) pathway is essential for the maintenance of the quiescent state. Satellite cells that lack a functional miRNA pathway spontaneously exit quiescence and enter the cell cycle. We identified quiescence-specific miRNAs in the satellite-cell lineage by microarray analysis. Among these, miRNA-489 (miR-489) is highly expressed in quiescent satellite cells and is quickly downregulated during satellite-cell activation. Further analysis revealed that miR-489 functions as a regulator of satellite-cell quiescence, as it post-transcriptionally suppresses the oncogene Dek, the protein product of which localizes to the more differentiated daughter cell during asymmetric division of satellite cells and promotes the transient proliferative expansion of myogenic progenitors. Our results provide evidence of the miRNA pathway in general, and of a specific miRNA, miR-489, in actively maintaining the quiescent state of an adult stem-cell population.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature10834
View details for Web of Science ID 000300770500050
View details for PubMedID 22358842
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3292200
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Aging, Rejuvenation, and Epigenetic Reprogramming: Resetting the Aging Clock
CELL
2012; 148 (1-2): 46-57
Abstract
The underlying cause of aging remains one of the central mysteries of biology. Recent studies in several different systems suggest that not only may the rate of aging be modified by environmental and genetic factors, but also that the aging clock can be reversed, restoring characteristics of youthfulness to aged cells and tissues. This Review focuses on the emerging biology of rejuvenation through the lens of epigenetic reprogramming. By defining youthfulness and senescence as epigenetic states, a framework for asking new questions about the aging process emerges.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000299540700013
View details for PubMedID 22265401
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3336960
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Losartan Improves Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Niche by Inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor-beta and Fibrosis in Skeletal Muscle Injury
CELL TRANSPLANTATION
2012; 21 (11): 2407-2424
Abstract
Recently, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) were emerged as an alternative, abundant, and easily accessible source of stem cell therapy. Previous studies revealed losartan (an angiotensin II type I receptor blocker) treatment promoted the healing of skeletal muscle by attenuation of the TGF-β signaling pathway, which inhibits muscle differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combined therapy using ASCs and losartan might dramatically improve the muscle remodeling after muscle injury. To determine the combined effect of losartan with ASC transplantation, we created a muscle laceration mouse model. EGFP-labeled ASCs were locally transplanted to the injured gastrocnemius muscle after muscle laceration. The dramatic muscle regeneration and the remarkably inhibited muscular fibrosis were observed by combined treatment. Transplanted ASCs fused with the injured or differentiating myofibers. Myotube formation was also enhanced by ASC(+) satellite coculture and losartan treatment. Thus, the present study indicated that ASC transplantation effect for skeletal muscle injury can be dramatically improved by losartan treatment inducing better niche.
View details for DOI 10.3727/096368912X637055
View details for Web of Science ID 000313143600007
View details for PubMedID 22507443
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The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function
NATURE
2011; 477 (7362): 90-U157
Abstract
In the central nervous system, ageing results in a precipitous decline in adult neural stem/progenitor cells and neurogenesis, with concomitant impairments in cognitive functions. Interestingly, such impairments can be ameliorated through systemic perturbations such as exercise. Here, using heterochronic parabiosis we show that blood-borne factors present in the systemic milieu can inhibit or promote adult neurogenesis in an age-dependent fashion in mice. Accordingly, exposing a young mouse to an old systemic environment or to plasma from old mice decreased synaptic plasticity, and impaired contextual fear conditioning and spatial learning and memory. We identify chemokines--including CCL11 (also known as eotaxin)--the plasma levels of which correlate with reduced neurogenesis in heterochronic parabionts and aged mice, and the levels of which are increased in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy ageing humans. Lastly, increasing peripheral CCL11 chemokine levels in vivo in young mice decreased adult neurogenesis and impaired learning and memory. Together our data indicate that the decline in neurogenesis and cognitive impairments observed during ageing can be in part attributed to changes in blood-borne factors.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature10357
View details for Web of Science ID 000294404300037
View details for PubMedID 21886162
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3170097
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Emerging models and paradigms for stem cell ageing
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
2011; 13 (5): 506-512
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a progressive decline in stem cell function, resulting in less effective tissue homeostasis and repair. Here we discuss emerging invertebrate models that provide insights into molecular pathways of age-related stem cell dysfunction in mammals, and we present various paradigms of how stem cell functionality changes with age, including impaired self-renewal and aberrant differentiation potential.
View details for DOI 10.1038/ncb0511-506
View details for Web of Science ID 000290148700005
View details for PubMedID 21540846
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3257978
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Manifestations and mechanisms of stem cell aging
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
2011; 193 (2): 257-266
Abstract
Adult stem cells exist in most mammalian organs and tissues and are indispensable for normal tissue homeostasis and repair. In most tissues, there is an age-related decline in stem cell functionality but not a depletion of stem cells. Such functional changes reflect deleterious effects of age on the genome, epigenome, and proteome, some of which arise cell autonomously and others of which are imposed by an age-related change in the local milieu or systemic environment. Notably, some of the changes, particularly epigenomic and proteomic, are potentially reversible, and both environmental and genetic interventions can result in the rejuvenation of aged stem cells. Such findings have profound implications for the stem cell-based therapy of age-related diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1083/jcb.201010131
View details for Web of Science ID 000289673000003
View details for PubMedID 21502357
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3080271
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Stem cell ageing and non-random chromosome segregation
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
2011; 366 (1561): 85-93
Abstract
Adult stem cells maintain the mature tissues of metazoans. They do so by reproducing in such a way that their progeny either differentiate, and thus contribute functionally to a tissue, or remain uncommitted and replenish the stem cell pool. Because ageing manifests as a general decline in tissue function, diminished stem cell-mediated tissue maintenance may contribute to age-related pathologies. Accordingly, the mechanisms by which stem cell regenerative potential is sustained, and the extent to which these mechanisms fail with age, are fundamental determinants of tissue ageing. Here, we explore the mechanisms of asymmetric division that account for the sustained fitness of adult stem cells and the tissues that comprise them. In particular, we summarize the theory and experimental evidence underlying non-random chromosome segregation-a mitotic asymmetry arising from the unequal partitioning of chromosomes according to the age of their template DNA strands. Additionally, we consider the possible consequences of non-random chromosome segregation, especially as they relate to both replicative and chronological ageing in stem cells. While biased segregation of chromosomes may sustain stem cell replicative potential by compartmentalizing the errors derived from DNA synthesis, it might also contribute to the accrual of replication-independent DNA damage in stem cells and thus hasten chronological ageing.
View details for DOI 10.1098/rstb.2010.0279
View details for Web of Science ID 000284718700013
View details for PubMedID 21115534
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3001309
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Taf1 Regulates Pax3 Protein by Monoubiquitination in Skeletal Muscle Progenitors
MOLECULAR CELL
2010; 40 (5): 749-761
Abstract
Pax3 plays critical roles during developmental and postnatal myogenesis. We have previously shown that levels of Pax3 protein are regulated by monoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation during postnatal myogenesis, but none of the key regulators of the monoubiquitination process were known. Here we show that Pax3 monoubiquitination is mediated by the ubiquitin-activating/conjugating activity of Taf1, a component of the core transcriptional machinery that was recently reported to be downregulated during myogenic differentiation. We show that Taf1 binds directly to Pax3 and overexpression of Taf1 increases the level of monoubiquitinated Pax3 and its degradation by the proteasome. A decrease of Taf1 results in a decrease in Pax3 monoubiquitination, an increase in the levels of Pax3 protein, and a concomitant increase in Pax3-mediated inhibition of myogenic differentiation and myoblast migration. These results suggest that Taf1 regulates Pax3 protein levels through its ability to mediate monoubiquitination, revealing a critical interaction between two proteins that are involved in distinct aspects of myogenic differentiation. Finally, these results suggest that the components of the core transcriptional are integrally involved in the process of myogenic differentiation, acting as nodal regulators of the differentiation program.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.029
View details for Web of Science ID 000285405800009
View details for PubMedID 21145483
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3023311
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Heterogeneity in the muscle satellite cell population
SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2010; 21 (8): 845-854
Abstract
Satellite cells, the adult stem cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration, are defined by their location between the basal lamina and the fiber sarcolemma. Increasing evidence suggests that satellite cells represent a heterogeneous population of cells with distinct embryological origin and multiple levels of biochemical and functional diversity. This review focuses on the rich diversity of the satellite cell population based on studies across species. Ultimately, a more complete characterization of the heterogeneity of satellite cells will be essential to understand the functional significance in terms of muscle growth, homeostasis, tissue repair, and aging.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.09.003
View details for Web of Science ID 000283598400011
View details for PubMedID 20849971
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2967620
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Tumour stem cells in oncogenic RAS-dependent rhabdomyosarcoma
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. 2010: 138
View details for DOI 10.1016/S1359-6349(10)71343-4
View details for Web of Science ID 000288603100525
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Epigenetics and aging
EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
2010; 45 (4): 253-254
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.exger.2009.12.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000276428300001
View details for PubMedID 20034555
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2838984
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Impact papers on aging in 2009
AGING-US
2010; 2 (3): 111-121
Abstract
The Editorial Board of Aging reviews research papers published in 2009, which they believe have or will have significant impact on aging research. Among many others, the topics include genes that accelerate aging or in contrast promote longevity in model organisms, DNA damage responses and telomeres, molecular mechanisms of life span extension by calorie restriction and pharmacological interventions into aging. The emerging message in 2009 is that aging is not random but determined by a genetically-regulated longevity network and can be decelerated both genetically and pharmacologically.
View details for Web of Science ID 000277115300001
View details for PubMedID 20351400
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2871240
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Enhanced gene repair mediated by methyl-CpG-modified single-stranded oligonucleotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
2009; 37 (22): 7468-7482
Abstract
Gene editing mediated by oligonucleotides has been shown to induce stable single base alterations in genomic DNA in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. However, the low frequencies of gene repair have limited its applicability for both basic manipulation of genomic sequences and for the development of therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders. Here, we show that single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) containing a methyl-CpG modification and capable of binding to the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) are able to induce >10-fold higher levels of gene correction than ssODNs lacking the specific modification. Correction was stably inherited through cell division and was confirmed at the protein, transcript and genomic levels. Downregulation of MBD4 expression using RNAi prevented the enhancement of gene correction efficacy obtained using the methyl-CpG-modified ssODN, demonstrating the specificity of the repair mechanism being recruited. Our data demonstrate that efficient manipulation of genomic targets can be achieved and controlled by the type of ssODN used and by modulation of the repair mechanism involved in the correction process. This new generation of ssODNs represents an important technological advance that is likely to have an impact on multiple applications, especially for gene therapy where permanent correction of the genetic defect has clear advantages over viral and other nonviral approaches currently being tested.
View details for DOI 10.1093/nar/gkp757
View details for Web of Science ID 000272935000020
View details for PubMedID 19854937
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2794159
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BCL9 is an essential component of canonical Wnt signaling that mediates the differentiation of myogenic progenitors during muscle regeneration
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2009; 335 (1): 93-105
Abstract
Muscle stem cells and their progeny play a fundamental role in the regeneration of adult skeletal muscle. We have previously shown that activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in adult myogenic progenitors is required for their transition from rapidly dividing transient amplifying cells to more differentiated progenitors. Whereas Wnt signaling in Drosophila is dependent on the presence of the co-regulator Legless, previous studies of the mammalian ortholog of Legless, BCL9 (and its homolog, BCL9-2), have not revealed an essential role of these proteins in Wnt signaling in specific tissues during development. Using Cre-lox technology to delete BCL9 and BCL9-2 in the myogenic lineage in vivo and RNAi technology to knockdown the protein levels in vitro, we show that BCL9 is required for activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin cascade in adult mammalian myogenic progenitors. We observed that the nuclear localization of beta-catenin and downstream TCF/LEF-mediated transcription, which are normally observed in myogenic progenitors upon addition of exogenous Wnt and during muscle regeneration, were abrogated when BCL9/9-2 levels were reduced. Furthermore, reductions of BCL9/9-2 inhibited the promotion of myogenic differentiation by Wnt and the normal regenerative response of skeletal muscle. These results suggest a critical role of BCL9/9-2 in the Wnt-mediated regulation of adult, as opposed to embryonic, myogenic progenitors.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.014
View details for Web of Science ID 000271080300008
View details for PubMedID 19699733
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3259687
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Biomarker system for studying muscle, stem cells, and cancer in vivo
FASEB JOURNAL
2009; 23 (8): 2681-2690
Abstract
Bioluminescent reporter genes are sensitive in situ tools for following disease progression in preclinical models, albeit they are subject to scattering and absorption in deep tissues. We have generated a bicistronic Cre/LoxP reporter mouse line that pairs the expression of firefly luciferase with quantifiable expression of a human placental alkaline phosphatase that is secreted into the serum (SeAP). With the use of this dual-modality bioreporter with a novel, inducible Pax7-CreER line for tracking muscle satellite cells, we demonstrate the longitudinal kinetics of muscle stem cell turnover, accounting for a doubling of the signal from satellite cell and progeny every 3.93 wk in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. We also show that this dual-modality bioreporter can be incorporated in preclinical cancer models, whereby SeAP activity is reflective of tumor burden. Thus, this dual bioreporter permits both spatial localization and accurate quantification of biological processes in vivo even when the tissue of interest is deep within the animal.
View details for DOI 10.1096/fj.08-128116
View details for Web of Science ID 000268836700036
View details for PubMedID 19332644
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2717773
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Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling Regulates the Expression of Caveolin 3 and beta 1 Integrin, Genes Essential for Normal Myoblast Fusion
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL
2009; 20 (14): 3422-3435
Abstract
An essential phase of skeletal myogenesis is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myotubes. Many cell adhesion proteins, including integrins, have been shown to be important for myoblast fusion in vertebrates, but the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate cell fusion remain mostly unknown. Here, we focused on the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an important nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase involved in integrin signaling, as a potential mediator by which integrins may regulate myoblast fusion. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we generated mice in which the Fak gene was disrupted specifically in muscle stem cells ("satellite cells") and we found that this resulted in impaired myotube formation during muscle regeneration after injury. To examine the role of FAK in the fusion of myogenic cells, we examined the expression of FAK and the effects of FAK deletion on the differentiation of myoblasts in vitro. Differentiation of mouse primary myoblasts was accompanied by a rapid and transient increase of phosphorylated FAK. To investigate the requirement of FAK in myoblast fusion, we used two loss-of-function approaches (a dominant-negative inhibitor of FAK and FAK small interfering RNA [siRNA]). Inhibition of FAK resulted in markedly impaired fusion but did not inhibit other biochemical measures of myogenic differentiation, suggesting a specific role of FAK in the morphological changes of cell fusion as part of the differentiation program. To examine the mechanisms by which FAK may be regulating fusion, we used microarray analysis to identify the genes that failed to be normally regulated in cells that were fusion defective due to FAK inhibition. Several genes that have been implicated in myoblast fusion were aberrantly regulated during differentiation when FAK was inhibited. Intriguingly, the normal increases in the transcript of caveolin 3 as well as an integrin subunit, the beta1D isoform, were suppressed by FAK inhibition. We confirmed this also at the protein level and show that direct inhibition of beta1D subunit expression by siRNA inhibited myotube formation with a prominent effect on secondary fusion. These data suggest that FAK regulation of profusion genes, including caveolin 3 and the beta1D integrin subunit, is essential for morphological muscle differentiation.
View details for DOI 10.1091/mbc.E09-02-0175
View details for Web of Science ID 000267981600023
View details for PubMedID 19458188
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2710835
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Preventing oxidative stress: a new role for XBP1
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
2009; 16 (6): 847-857
Abstract
Antioxidant molecules reduce oxidative stress and protect cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular damage and probably the development of cancer. We have investigated the contribution of X-box-binding protein (XBP1), a major endoplasmic reticulum stress-linked transcriptional factor, to cellular resistance to oxidative stress. After exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or a strong ROS inducer parthenolide, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and subsequent cell death occurred more extensively in XBP1-deficient cells than wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, whereas two other anticancer agents induced death similarly in both cells. In XBP1-deficient cells, H(2)O(2) exposure induced more extensive ROS generation and prolonged p38 phosphorylation, and expression of several antioxidant molecules including catalase was lower. Knockdown of XBP1 decreased catalase expression, enhanced ROS generation and MMP loss after H(2)O(2) exposure, but extrinsic catalase supply rescued them. Overexpression of XBP1 recovered catalase expression in XBP1-deficient cells and diminished ROS generation after H(2)O(2) exposure. Mutation analysis of the catalase promoter region suggests a pivotal role of CCAAT boxes, NF-Y-binding sites, for the XBP1-mediated enhancing effect. Taken together, these results indicate a protective role of XBP1 against oxidative stress, and its positive regulation of catalase expression may at least in part account for this function.
View details for DOI 10.1038/cdd.2009.14
View details for Web of Science ID 000266412400005
View details for PubMedID 19247368
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2826168
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Turning back time: Reversing tissue pathology to enhance stem cell engraftment
CELL STEM CELL
2008; 3 (3): 232-234
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2008.08.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000259665000003
View details for PubMedID 18786408
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Stem cell review series: Aging of the skeletal muscle stem cell niche
AGING CELL
2008; 7 (4): 590-598
Abstract
Declining stem cell function during aging contributes to impaired tissue function. Muscle-specific stem cells ('satellite cells') are responsible for generating new muscle in response to injury in the adult. However, aged muscle displays a significant reduction in regenerative abilities and an increased susceptibility to age-related pathologies. This review describes components of the satellite cell niche and addresses how age-related changes in these components impinge on satellite cell function. In particular, we review changes in the key niche elements, the myofiber and the basal lamina that are in intimate contact with satellite cells. We address how these elements are influenced by factors secreted by interstitial cells, cells of the immune system, and cells associated with the vasculature, all of which change with age. In addition, we consider more distant sources of influence on the satellite cell niche that change with age, such as neural-mediated trophic factors and electrical activity and systemic factors present in the circulation. A better understanding of the niche elements and their influence on the satellite cell will facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at improving satellite cell activity and ultimately tissue response to injury in aged individuals.
View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00399.x
View details for Web of Science ID 000257513500015
View details for PubMedID 18462272
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Tissue ageing: Do insights into molecular mechanisms of ageing lead to new therapeutic strategies?
EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
2008; 43 (7): 603-604
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.exger.2008.05.009
View details for Web of Science ID 000258310600001
View details for PubMedID 18599230
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2536625
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Get personal with gene therapy for muscular dystrophy
LANCET NEUROLOGY
2008; 7 (3): 196-198
View details for Web of Science ID 000253580000005
View details for PubMedID 18275918
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Technology Insight: therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy-an opportunity for personalized medicine?
NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE NEUROLOGY
2008; 4 (3): 149-158
Abstract
Since the identification of dystrophin as the protein product of the Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy locus, many different mutations, encompassing the entire spectrum of gene mutations ranging from point mutations to large deletions, have been found. These discoveries have led to the investigation of a variety of methods aimed at the treatment of muscular dystrophy, including strategies for gene replacement, gene correction, and modification of the gene product. The preferred approach in each case depends on the nature of the gene defect. In this Review, we focus on methods that have been developed for gene correction and for the modification of gene products. This mutation-focused approach offers the opportunity for 'personalized' gene therapy for muscular dystrophy and might also be a logical strategy for the treatment of other genetic disorders.
View details for DOI 10.1038/ncpneuro0737
View details for Web of Science ID 000253634300010
View details for PubMedID 18268530
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A temporal switch from Notch to Wnt signaling in muscle stem cells is necessary for normal adult myogenesis
CELL STEM CELL
2008; 2 (1): 50-59
Abstract
The temporal switch from progenitor cell proliferation to differentiation is essential for effective adult tissue repair. We previously reported the critical role of Notch signaling in the proliferative expansion of myogenic progenitors in mammalian postnatal myogenesis. We now show that the onset of differentiation is due to a transition from Notch signaling to Wnt signaling in myogenic progenitors and is associated with an increased expression of Wnt in the tissue and an increased responsiveness of progenitors to Wnt. Crosstalk between these two pathways occurs via GSK3beta, which is maintained in an active form by Notch but is inhibited by Wnt in the canonical Wnt signaling cascade. These results demonstrate that the temporal balance between Notch and Wnt signaling orchestrates the precise progression of muscle precursor cells along the myogenic lineage pathway, through stages of proliferative expansion and then differentiation, during postnatal myogenesis.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2007.10.006
View details for Web of Science ID 000252606400011
View details for PubMedID 18371421
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Proteasomal degradation of Pax3 in skeletal muscle progenitors: one ubiquitin does the trick!
M S-MEDECINE SCIENCES
2008; 24 (1): 31-33
View details for Web of Science ID 000252834800013
View details for PubMedID 18198106
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Ageing - From stem to stern
NATURE
2007; 449 (7160): 288-?
View details for DOI 10.1038/449288a
View details for Web of Science ID 000249557300030
View details for PubMedID 17882206
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Increased Wnt signaling during aging alters muscle stem cell fate and increases fibrosis
SCIENCE
2007; 317 (5839): 807-810
Abstract
The regenerative potential of skeletal muscle declines with age, and this impairment is associated with an increase in tissue fibrosis. We show that muscle stem cells (satellite cells) from aged mice tend to convert from a myogenic to a fibrogenic lineage as they begin to proliferate and that this conversion is mediated by factors in the systemic environment of the old animals. We also show that this lineage conversion is associated with an activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in aged myogenic progenitors and can be suppressed by Wnt inhibitors. Furthermore, components of serum from aged mice that bind to the Frizzled family of proteins, which are Wnt receptors, may account for the elevated Wnt signaling in aged cells. These results indicate that the Wnt signaling pathway may play a critical role in tissue-specific stem cell aging and an increase in tissue fibrosis with age.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1144090
View details for Web of Science ID 000248624500041
View details for PubMedID 17690295
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Regulation of Pax3 by proteasomal degradation of monoubiquitinated protein in skeletal muscle progenitors
CELL
2007; 130 (2): 349-362
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 play distinct but overlapping roles in developmental and postnatal myogenesis. The mechanisms involved in the differential regulation of these highly homologous proteins are unknown. We present evidence that Pax3, but not Pax7, is regulated by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation during adult muscle stem cell activation. Intriguingly, only monoubiquitinated forms of Pax3 could be detected. Mutation of two specific lysine residues in the C-terminal region of Pax3 reduced the extent of its monoubiquitination and susceptibility to proteasomal degradation, whereas introduction of a key lysine into the C-terminal region of Pax7 rendered that protein susceptible to monoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Monoubiquitinated Pax3 was shuttled to the intrinsic proteasomal protein S5a by interacting specifically with the ubiquitin-binding protein Rad23B. Functionally, sustained expression of Pax3 proteins inhibited myogenic differentiation, demonstrating that Pax3 degradation is an essential step for the progression of the myogenic program. These results reveal an important mechanism of Pax3 regulation in muscle progenitors and an unrecognized role of protein monoubiquitination in mediating proteasomal degradation.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.044
View details for Web of Science ID 000248588000023
View details for PubMedID 17662948
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The immortal strand hypothesis: Segregation and reconstruction
CELL
2007; 129 (7): 1239-1243
Abstract
The immortal strand hypothesis posits that the propensity of stem cell compartments to give rise to cancer in later life can be minimized if stem cells, during the process of self-renewal, retain those DNA strands with the fewest mutations acquired during DNA replication. In this Essay, I explore evidence in support of the hypothesis, the biological implications, and the key questions that remain to be answered experimentally to address the fundamental tenets of the hypothesis.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.019
View details for Web of Science ID 000247911400006
View details for PubMedID 17604710
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High incidence of non-random template strand segregation and asymmetric fate determination in dividing stem cells and their progeny
PLOS BIOLOGY
2007; 5 (5): 1120-1126
Abstract
Decades ago, the "immortal strand hypothesis" was proposed as a means by which stem cells might limit acquiring mutations that could give rise to cancer, while continuing to proliferate for the life of an organism. Originally based on observations in embryonic cells, and later studied in terms of stem cell self-renewal, this hypothesis has remained largely unaccepted because of few additional reports, the rarity of the cells displaying template strand segregation, and alternative interpretations of experiments involving single labels or different types of labels to follow template strands. Using sequential pulses of halogenated thymidine analogs (bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU], chlorodeoxyuridine [CldU], and iododeoxyuridine [IdU]), and analyzing stem cell progeny during induced regeneration in vivo, we observed extraordinarily high frequencies of segregation of older and younger template strands during a period of proliferative expansion of muscle stem cells. Furthermore, template strand co-segregation was strongly associated with asymmetric cell divisions yielding daughters with divergent fates. Daughter cells inheriting the older templates retained the more immature phenotype, whereas daughters inheriting the newer templates acquired a more differentiated phenotype. These data provide compelling evidence of template strand co-segregation based on template age and associated with cell fate determination, suggest that template strand age is monitored during stem cell lineage progression, and raise important caveats for the interpretation of label-retaining cells.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050102
View details for Web of Science ID 000246716700019
View details for PubMedID 17439301
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1852584
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Non-viral gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Progress and challenges
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE
2007; 1772 (2): 263-271
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common lethal, hereditary diseases of childhood. Since the identification of the genetic basis of this disorder, there has been the hope that a cure would be developed in the form of gene therapy. This has yet to be realized, but many different gene therapy approaches have seen dramatic advances in recent years. Although viral-mediated gene therapy has been at the forefront of the field, several non-viral gene therapy approaches have been applied to animal and cellular models of DMD. These include plasmid-mediated gene delivery, antisense-mediated exon skipping, and oligonucleotide-mediated gene editing. In the past several years, non-viral gene therapy has moved from the laboratory to the clinic. Advances in vector design, formulation, and delivery are likely to lead to even more rapid advances in the coming decade. Given the relative simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness of these methodologies, non-viral gene therapy continues to have great promise for future gene therapy approaches to the treatment of DMD.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.009
View details for Web of Science ID 000244193800015
View details for PubMedID 17005381
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Intrinsic changes and extrinsic influences of myogenic stem cell function during aging
STEM CELL REVIEWS
2007; 3 (3): 226-237
Abstract
The myogenic stem cell (satellite cell) is almost solely responsible for the remarkable regeneration of adult skeletal muscle fibers after injury. The availability and the functionality of satellite cells are the determinants of efficient muscle regeneration. During aging, the efficiency of muscle regeneration declines, suggesting that the functionality of satellite cells and their progeny may be altered. Satellite cells do not sit in isolation but rather are surrounded by, and influenced by, many extrinsic factors within the muscle tissue that can alter their functionality. These factors likely change during aging and impart both reversible and irreversible changes to the satellite cells and on their proliferating progeny. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of impaired muscle regeneration with respect to the biology of satellite cells. Future studies that enhance our understanding of the interactions between stem cells and the environment in which they reside will offer promise for therapeutic applications in age-related diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s12015-007-9000-2
View details for Web of Science ID 000249929800006
View details for PubMedID 17917136
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Long-term increase in mVEGF164 in mouse hindlimb muscle mediated by phage phi C31 integrase after nonviral DNA delivery
HUMAN GENE THERAPY
2006; 17 (8): 871-876
Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), characterized by insufficient blood supply to extremities, can be a devastating illness. Although many gene therapy strategies for PVD using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have resulted in increased blood vessel formation, the vessels are often impermanent and regress after therapy, probably because of the short-lived VEGF expression mediated by gene therapy vectors (14 days or less). phiC31 integrase is a recombinase originally isolated from a bacteriophage of Streptomyces. This integrase performs efficient chromosomal integration of plasmid DNA into mammalian genomes that results in long-term transgene expression. In this study, gene transfer was achieved by intramuscular injection of VEGF and integrase plasmid DNAs into the tibialis anterior muscle in the mouse hindlimb, followed by electroporation of the muscle with needle electrodes. We observed VEGF levels significantly above background 40 days after injection in animals that received phiC31 integrase and the VEGF plasmid. Site-specific integration of plasmid DNA in the chromosomes of muscle tissue was verified by polymerase chain reaction at a common integration site. These results suggest the possible utility of the phiC31 integrase system to treat ischemic disease.
View details for Web of Science ID 000240328300007
View details for PubMedID 16942446
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Prognostic value of telomere length: The long and short of it
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
2006; 60 (2): 155-157
View details for Web of Science ID 000239536600002
View details for PubMedID 16862590
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Stem cells, ageing and the quest for immortality
NATURE
2006; 441 (7097): 1080-1086
Abstract
Adult stem cells reside in most mammalian tissues, but the extent to which they contribute to normal homeostasis and repair varies widely. There is an overall decline in tissue regenerative potential with age, and the question arises as to whether this is due to the intrinsic ageing of stem cells or, rather, to the impairment of stem-cell function in the aged tissue environment. Unravelling these distinct contributions to the aged phenotype will be critical to the success of any therapeutic application of stem cells in the emerging field of regenerative medicine with respect to tissue injury, degenerative diseases or normal functional declines that accompany ageing.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature04958
View details for Web of Science ID 000238615500035
View details for PubMedID 16810243
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Enhancement of plasmid-mediated gene therapy for muscular dystrophy by directed plasmid integration
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2006; 103 (2): 419-424
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated gene therapy can restore dystrophin expression in skeletal muscle in the mdx mouse, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, sufficient long-term expression and distribution of dystrophin remain a hurdle for translating this technology into a viable treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To improve plasmid-mediated gene therapy for muscle diseases, we studied the effects of targeted plasmid integration using a phage integrase (phiC31) that can mediate the integration of suitably modified plasmids into the mammalian genome. Using a luciferase expression plasmid, we monitored plasmid gene expression noninvasively in living mice by bioluminescence imaging. Coinjection of an integrase plasmid resulted in 5- to 10-fold higher levels of sustained luciferase expression. Likewise, plasmid-mediated dystrophin expression in mdx muscle was enhanced by integration. Using a combination of dystrophin and luciferase plasmids, we analyzed the functional benefit of dystrophin expression in the dystrophic muscle. The expression of dystrophin slowed the loss of luciferase expression associated with muscle degeneration, and that protection was enhanced by targeted integration of the dystrophin plasmid. In the presence of integrase, dystrophin expression was distributed along a much greater length of individual fibers, and this was associated with increased protection against degenerative changes. These data demonstrate the importance of both the level and distribution of dystrophin expression to achieve therapeutic efficacy, and that the efficacy can be enhanced by targeted plasmid integration.
View details for Web of Science ID 000234624100031
View details for PubMedID 16387861
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1326153
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Stem cells in postnatal myogenesis: molecular mechanisms of satellite cell quiescence, activation and replenishment
TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY
2005; 15 (12): 666-673
Abstract
Satellite cells are the primary stem cells in adult skeletal muscle, and are responsible for postnatal muscle growth, hypertrophy and regeneration. In mature muscle, most satellite cells are in a quiescent state, but they activate and begin proliferating in response to extrinsic signals. Following activation, a subset of satellite cell progeny returns to the quiescent state during the process of self-renewal. Here, we review recent studies of satellite cell biology and focus on the key transitions from the quiescent state to the state of proliferative activation and myogenic lineage progression and back to the quiescent state. The molecular mechanisms of these transitions are considered in the context of the biology of the satellite cell niche, changes with age, and interactions with established pathways of myogenic commitment and differentiation.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.10.007
View details for Web of Science ID 000234316700008
View details for PubMedID 16243526
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The regulation of Notch signaling in muscle stem cell activation and postnatal myogenesis
SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2005; 16 (4-5): 612-622
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that is critical for tissue morphogenesis during development, but is also involved in tissue maintenance and repair in the adult. In skeletal muscle, regulation of Notch signaling is involved in somitogenesis, muscle development, and the proliferation and cell fate determination of muscle stems cells during regeneration. During each of these processes, the spatial and temporal control of Notch signaling is essential for proper tissue formation. That control is mediated by a series of regulatory proteins and protein complexes that enhance or inhibit Notch signaling by regulating protein processing, localization, activity, and stability. In this review, we focus on the regulation of Notch signaling during postnatal muscle regeneration when muscle stem cells ("satellite cells") must activate, proliferate, progress along a myogenic lineage pathway, and ultimately differentiate to form new muscle. We review the regulators of Notch signaling, such as Numb and Deltex, that have documented roles in myogenesis as well as other regulators that may play a role in modulating Notch signaling during satellite cell activation and postnatal myogenesis.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.07.002
View details for Web of Science ID 000232260300016
View details for PubMedID 16087370
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The adult muscle stem cell comes of age
NATURE MEDICINE
2005; 11 (8): 829-831
View details for DOI 10.1038/nm0805-829
View details for Web of Science ID 000230964700019
View details for PubMedID 16079875
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NF90 regulates cell cycle exit and terminal myogenic differentiation by direct binding to the 3 '-untranslated region of MyoD and p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNAs
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
2005; 280 (19): 18981-18989
Abstract
NF90 and splice variant NF110/ILF3/NFAR are double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. Mice with targeted disruption of NF90 were engineered. NF90(-/-) mice were born small and weak and succumbed to perinatal death within 12 h because of neuromuscular respiratory failure. Lung inflation and morphology were normal in NF90(-/-) mice. The diaphragm and other skeletal muscles in NF90(-/-) mice demonstrated disorganized arrangement and paucity of myofibers, evidence of myocyte degeneration and increased apoptosis. The expression of myogenic regulators, MyoD, myogenin, and p21WAF1/CIP1, was severely decreased in NF90(-/-) mice. These myogenic transcription factors and cell cycle inhibitors are regulated in part through post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization. Northwestern blotting revealed that NF90 is the principal and specific p21WAF1/CIP1 and MyoD 3'-untranslated region RNA-binding protein in developing skeletal muscles. NF90 regulates transcription factors and a cell cycle inhibitor essential for skeletal muscle differentiation and for survival.
View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M411034200
View details for Web of Science ID 000228932300052
View details for PubMedID 15746098
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Aging, stem cells and tissue regeneration - Lessons from muscle
CELL CYCLE
2005; 4 (3): 407-410
Abstract
With age, there is a gradual decline in the regenerative properties of most tissues due to a combination of age-dependent changes in tissue-specific stem cells and in the environmental cues that promote those cells to participate in tissue maintenance and repair. In adult skeletal muscle, where the resident dedicated stem cells ("satellite cells") are capable of rapid and highly effective regeneration in response to injury, there is just such a loss of regenerative potential with age. Satellite cell activation and cell fate determination are controlled by the Notch signaling pathway that is initiated by the rapid increase in expression of the Notch ligand, Delta, following injury. In old muscle, this upregulation of Delta is blunted and thus satellite cell activation is markedly diminished. However, by indirectly inducing Notch activity, the regenerative potential of aged satellite cells can be restored. Furthermore, exposure of aged satellite cells to serum from young mice, either in vivo by heterochronic parabiotic pairings or in vitro, rejuvenates the satellite cell response. This restorative potential suggests that tissue-specific stem cells do not lose their ability to participate in tissue maintenance and repair. Therefore, it may be that even very old stem cells may be capable of maintaining and repairing aged tissues if provided with optimal environmental cues.
View details for Web of Science ID 000229538500016
View details for PubMedID 15725724
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Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment
NATURE
2005; 433 (7027): 760-764
Abstract
The decline of tissue regenerative potential is a hallmark of ageing and may be due to age-related changes in tissue-specific stem cells. A decline in skeletal muscle stem cell (satellite cell) activity due to a loss of Notch signalling results in impaired regeneration of aged muscle. The decline in hepatic progenitor cell proliferation owing to the formation of a complex involving cEBP-alpha and the chromatin remodelling factor brahma (Brm) inhibits the regenerative capacity of aged liver. To examine the influence of systemic factors on aged progenitor cells from these tissues, we established parabiotic pairings (that is, a shared circulatory system) between young and old mice (heterochronic parabioses), exposing old mice to factors present in young serum. Notably, heterochronic parabiosis restored the activation of Notch signalling as well as the proliferation and regenerative capacity of aged satellite cells. The exposure of satellite cells from old mice to young serum enhanced the expression of the Notch ligand (Delta), increased Notch activation, and enhanced proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, heterochronic parabiosis increased aged hepatocyte proliferation and restored the cEBP-alpha complex to levels seen in young animals. These results suggest that the age-related decline of progenitor cell activity can be modulated by systemic factors that change with age.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nature03260
View details for Web of Science ID 000227039200043
View details for PubMedID 15716955
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Strand bias in oligonucleotide-mediated dystrophin gene editing
HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS
2005; 14 (2): 221-233
Abstract
Defects in the dystrophin gene cause the severe degenerative muscle disorder, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Among the gene therapy approaches to DMD under investigation, a gene editing approach using oligonucleotide vectors has yielded encouraging results. Here, we extend our studies of gene editing with self-pairing, chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (RDOs) to the use of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to correct point mutations in the dystrophin gene. The ODN vectors offer many advantages over the RDO vectors, and we compare the targeting efficiencies in the mdx(5cv) mouse model of DMD. We found that ODNs targeted to either the transcribed or the non-transcribed strand of the dystrophin gene were capable of inducing gene repair, with efficiencies comparable to that seen with RDO vectors. Oligonucleotide-mediated repair was demonstrated at the genomic, mRNA and protein levels in muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo, and the correction was stable over time. Interestingly, there was a strand bias observed with the ODNs, with more efficient correction of the non-transcribed strand even though the dystrophin gene is not transcribed in proliferating myoblasts. This finding demonstrates that strand bias of ODN-mediated gene repair is likely to be due to the specific sequence of the target gene in addition to any effects of transcription. A better understanding of how the efficiency of gene editing relates to the target sequence will offer the opportunity for rational oligonucleotide design for further development of this elegant approach to gene therapy for DMD and other genetic diseases.
View details for DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddi020
View details for Web of Science ID 000226199400004
View details for PubMedID 15563511
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Isolation of adult mouse myogenic progenitors: Functional heterogeneity of cells within and engrafting skeletal muscle
CELL
2004; 119 (4): 543-554
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration in adults is thought to occur through the action of myogenic satellite cells located in close association with mature muscle fibers; however, these precursor cells have not been prospectively isolated, and recent studies have suggested that additional muscle progenitors, including cells of bone marrow or hematopoietic origin, may exist. To clarify the origin(s) of adult myogenic cells, we used phenotypic, morphological, and functional criteria to identify and prospectively isolate a subset of myofiber-associated cells capable at the single cell level of generating myogenic colonies at high frequency. Importantly, although muscle-engrafted cells from marrow and/or circulation localized to the same anatomic compartment as myogenic satellite cells and expressed some though not all satellite cell markers, they displayed no intrinsic myogenicity. Together, these studies describe the clonal isolation of functional adult myogenic progenitors and demonstrate that these cells do not arise from hematopoietic or other bone marrow or circulating precursors.
View details for Web of Science ID 000225183200012
View details for PubMedID 15537543
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Understanding and reversing stem cell aging
44th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology
AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY. 2004: 361A–361A
View details for Web of Science ID 000224648803066
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Artificial sweeteners - Enhancing glycosylation to treat muscular dystrophies
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
2004; 351 (12): 1254-1256
View details for Web of Science ID 000223861300017
View details for PubMedID 15371584
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The bi-directional translocation of MARCKS between membrane and cytosol regulates integrin-mediated muscle cell spreading
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE
2004; 117 (19): 4469-4479
Abstract
The regulation of the cytoskeleton is critical to normal cell function during tissue morphogenesis. Cell-matrix interactions mediated by integrins regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, but the signaling cascades that control these processes remain largely unknown. Here we show that myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) a specific substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), is regulated by alpha5beta1 integrin-mediated activation of PKC and is critical to the regulation of actin stress fiber formation during muscle cell spreading. Using MARCKS mutants that are defective in membrane association or responsiveness to PKC-dependent phosphorylation, we demonstrate that the translocation of MARCKS from the membrane to the cytosol in a PKC-dependent manner permits the initial phases of cell adhesion. The dephosphorylation of MARCKS and its translocation back to the membrane permits the later stages of cell spreading during the polymerization and cross-linking of actin and the maturation of the cytoskeleton. All of these processes are directly dependent on the binding of alpha5beta1 integrin to its extracellular matrix receptor, fibronectin. These results demonstrate a direct biochemical pathway linking alpha5beta1 integrin signaling to cytoskeletal dynamics and involving bi-directional translocation of MARCKS during the dramatic changes in cellular morphology that occur during cell migration and tissue morphogenesis.
View details for DOI 10.1242/jcs.01309
View details for Web of Science ID 000224507600012
View details for PubMedID 15316066
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Site-specific integration enhances expression of DNA introduced into skeletal muscle
7th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Gene-Therapy
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2004: S307–S307
View details for Web of Science ID 000222316600811
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A caveolin-3 mutant that causes limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C disrupts Src localization and activity and induces apoptosis in skeletal myotubes
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE
2003; 116 (23): 4739-4749
Abstract
Caveolins are membrane proteins that are the major coat proteins of caveolae, specialized lipid rafts in the plasma membrane that serve as scaffolding sites for many signaling complexes. Among the many signaling molecules associated with caveolins are the Src tyrosine kinases, whose activation regulates numerous cellular functions including the balance between cell survival and cell death. Several mutations in the muscle-specific caveolin, caveolin-3, lead to a form of autosomal dominant muscular dystrophy referred to as limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C (LGMD-1C). One of these mutations (here termed the 'TFT mutation') results in a deletion of a tripeptide (DeltaTFT(63-65)) that affects the scaffolding and oligomerization domains of caveolin-3. This mutation causes a 90-95% loss of caveolin-3 protein levels and reduced formation of caveolae in skeletal muscle fibers. However, the effects of this mutation on the specific biochemical processes and cellular functions associated with caveolae have not been elucidated. We demonstrate that the TFT caveolin-3 mutation in post-mitotic skeletal myotubes causes severely reduced localization of caveolin-3 to the plasma membrane and to lipid rafts, and significantly inhibits caveolar function. The TFT mutation reduced the binding of Src to caveolin-3, diminished targeting of Src to lipid rafts, and caused abnormal perinuclear accumulation of Src. Along with these alterations of Src localization and targeting, there was elevated Src activation in myotubes expressing the TFT mutation and an increased incidence of apoptosis in those cells compared with control myotubes. The results of this study demonstrate that caveolin-3 mutations associated with LGMD-1C disrupt normal cellular signal transduction pathways associated with caveolae and cause apoptosis in muscle cells, all of which may reflect pathogenetic pathways that lead to muscle degeneration in these disorders.
View details for DOI 10.1242/jcs.00806
View details for Web of Science ID 000187395600006
View details for PubMedID 14600260
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Notch-mediated restoration of regenerative potential to aged muscle
SCIENCE
2003; 302 (5650): 1575-1577
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is diminished regenerative potential of tissues, but the mechanism of this decline is unknown. Analysis of injured muscle revealed that, with age, resident precursor cells (satellite cells) had a markedly impaired propensity to proliferate and to produce myoblasts necessary for muscle regeneration. This was due to insufficient up-regulation of the Notch ligand Delta and, thus, diminished activation of Notch in aged, regenerating muscle. Inhibition of Notch impaired regeneration of young muscle, whereas forced activation of Notch restored regenerative potential to old muscle. Thus, Notch signaling is a key determinant of muscle regenerative potential that declines with age.
View details for Web of Science ID 000186802200047
View details for PubMedID 14645852
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Remarkable preservation of undigested muscle-tissue within a late Cretaceous tyrannosaurid coprolite from Alberta, Canada
PALAIOS
2003; 18 (3): 286-294
Abstract
Exceptionally detailed soft tissues have been identified within the fossilized feces of a large Cretaceous tyrannosaurid. Microscopic cord-like structures in the coprolitic ground mass are visible in thin section and with scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, organization, and context of these structures indicate that they are the fossilized remains of undigested muscle tissue. This unusual discovery indicates specific digestive and taphonomic conditions, including a relatively short gut-residence time, rapid lithification, and minimal diagenetic recrystallization. Rapid burial of the feces probably was facilitated by a flood event on the ancient coastal lowland plain on which the fecal mass was deposited.
View details for Web of Science ID 000183849200009
View details for PubMedID 12866547
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Restoration of dystrophin expression in mdx muscle cells by chimeraplast-mediated exon skipping
HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS
2003; 12 (10): 1087-1099
Abstract
The most common types of dystrophin gene mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are large deletions that result in a shift of the translational reading frame. Such mutations generally lead to a complete absence of dystrophin protein in the muscle cells of affected individuals. Any therapeutic modality that could restore the reading frame would have the potential to substantially reduce the severity of the disease by allowing the production of an internally deleted, but partially functional, dystrophin protein as occurs in Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). One approach to restoring the reading frame would be to alter the splicing of the pre-mRNA to produce an in-frame transcript. We have tested the ability of chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) to alter key bases in specific splice sequences in the dystrophin gene to induce exon skipping. Using cells from the mdx mouse as a model system, we show that chimeraplast-mediated base conversion in the intron 22/exon 23 splice junction induces alternative splicing and the production of in-frame transcripts. Interestingly, multiple alternative transcripts were induced by this targeted splice site mutation. Direct sequencing indicated that several of these were predicted to produce in-frame dystrophin transcripts with internal deletions. Indeed, multiple forms of dystrophin protein were observed by western blot analysis, and the functionality of the products was demonstrated by the restoration of expression and localization of a dystrophin-associated protein, alpha-dystroglycan, in differentiated cells. These data demonstrate that chimeraplasts can induce exon skipping by altering splice site sequences at the genomic level. As such, chimeraplast-mediated exon skipping has the potential to be used to transform a severe DMD phenotype into a much milder BMD phenotype.
View details for DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddg133
View details for Web of Science ID 000182950200002
View details for PubMedID 12719373
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The regulation of catalase gene expression in mouse muscle cells is dependent on the CCAAT-binding factor NF-Y
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
2003; 303 (2): 609-618
Abstract
Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated and tissue-specific. The level of expression determines, in part, the susceptibility of a cell to oxidative stress. Skeletal muscle is a tissue that experiences high levels of oxidative stress during normal metabolic activity, so the expression of antioxidant enzymes is critical to preventing cellular damage. To study the transcriptional regulation of the catalase gene in mouse muscle cells, the 5'-flanking region of the mouse catalase gene was isolated from genomic DNA. The transcriptional activity of the 5'-flanking region was investigated in transiently transfected murine myoblasts using a promoter-less luciferase reporter vector and site-directed mutagenesis. Strikingly, we found that nearly all of the transcriptional activity was restricted to the final 191 bp of the greater than 2.5 kb of the 5'-flanking region examined. Of the potential consensus binding sites for transcriptional regulators within this 191-bp region, we identified two CCAAT boxes and no other consensus sites that were important for the transcriptional activity of this promoter. Gel shift and super shift assays indicated that the transcription factor NF-Y bound to both CCAAT boxes. Furthermore, co-transfection of reporter constructs with NF-Y expression vectors into Drosophila SL2 cells demonstrated NF-Y-mediated transcriptional activation of the catalase gene. Interestingly, there were no nearby sites that appeared to interact with either NF-Y binding sites, and thus it appears that NF-Y acts as a bona fide transcription factor for catalase gene expression in mouse muscle cells. These data provide the first examination of the regulation of the mouse catalase gene and indicate unique aspects of its regulation that may pertain to the tissue-specific patterns of expression.
View details for DOI 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00397-8
View details for Web of Science ID 000182177800035
View details for PubMedID 12659863
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Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies
Conference on Role of Physical Activity and Exercise Training in Neuromuscular Diseases
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2002: S175–S186
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies represent a diverse group of diseases differing in underlying genetic basis, age of onset, mode of inheritance, and severity of progression, but they share certain common pathologic features. Most prominent among these features is the necrotic degeneration of muscle fibers. Although the genetic basis of many of the dystrophies has been known for over a decade and new disease genes continue to be discovered, the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to muscle cell death in the dystrophies remain a mystery. This review focuses on the oxidative stress theory, which states that the final common pathway of muscle cell death in these diseases involves oxidative damage.
View details for DOI 10.1097/01.PHM.0000029774.56528.A6
View details for Web of Science ID 000178883700018
View details for PubMedID 12409822
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The regulation of notch signaling controls satellite cell activation and cell fate determination in postnatal myogenesis
DEVELOPMENTAL CELL
2002; 3 (3): 397-409
Abstract
We have studied the role of Notch-1 and its antagonist Numb in the activation of satellite cells during postnatal myogenesis. Activation of Notch-1 promoted the proliferation of myogenic precursor cells expressing the premyoblast marker Pax3. Attenuation of Notch signaling by increases in Numb expression led to the commitment of progenitor cells to the myoblast cell fate and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors, desmin, and Pax7. In many intermediate progenitor cells, Numb was localized asymmetrically in actively dividing cells, suggesting an asymmetric cell division and divergent cell fates of daughter cells. The results indicate that satellite cell activation results in a heterogeneous population of precursor cells with respect to Notch-1 activity and that the balance between Notch-1 and Numb controls cellular homeostasis and cell fate determination.
View details for Web of Science ID 000178132800013
View details for PubMedID 12361602
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Activation of an adipogenic program in adult myoblasts with age
MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT
2002; 123 (6): 649-661
Abstract
Myoblasts isolated from mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle demonstrated increased adipogenic potential as a function of age. Whereas myoblasts from 8-month-old adult mice did not significantly accumulate terminal markers of adipogenesis regardless of culture conditions, myoblasts from 23-month-old mice accumulated fat and expressed genes characteristic of differentiated adipocytes, such as the fatty acid binding protein aP2. This change in differentiation potential was associated with a change in the abundance of the mRNA encoding the transcription factor C/EBPalpha, and in the relative abundance of PPARgamma2 to PPARgamma1 mRNAs. Furthermore, PPARgamma activity appeared to be regulated at the level of phosphorylation, being more highly phosphorylated in myoblasts isolated from younger animals. Although adipogenic gene expression in myoblasts from aged animals was activated, presumably in response to PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, unexpectedly, myogenic gene expression was not effectively repressed. The Wnt signaling pathway may also alter differentiation potential in muscle with age. Wnt-10b mRNA was more abundantly expressed in muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts from adult compared with aged mice, resulting in stabilization of cytosolic beta-catenin, that may potentially contribute to inhibition of adipogenic gene expression in adult myoblasts. The changes reported here, together with those reported in bone marrow stroma with age, suggest that a default program may be activated in mesenchymal cells with increasing age resulting in a more adipogenic-like phenotype. Whether this change in differentiation potential contributes to the increased adiposity in muscle with age remains to be determined.
View details for Web of Science ID 000177238100010
View details for PubMedID 11850028
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Myonuclear apoptosis and skeletal muscle atrophy
AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY. 2001: 516A–516A
View details for Web of Science ID 000172372502838
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Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase: More is not necessarily better!
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
1999; 46 (1): 135-136
View details for Web of Science ID 000081200900023
View details for PubMedID 10401795
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Evidence of oxidative stress in mdx mouse muscle: Studies of the pre-necrotic state
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
1998; 161 (1): 77-84
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that free radical injury may underlie the pathologic changes in muscular dystrophies from mammalian and avian species. We have investigated the role of oxidative injury in muscle necrosis in mice with a muscular dystrophy due to a defect in the dystrophin gene (the mdx strain). In order to avoid secondary consequences of muscle necrosis, all experiments were done on muscle prior to the onset of the degenerative process (i.e. during the 'pre-necrotic' phase) which lasted up to 20 days of age in the muscles examined. In pre-necrotic mdx muscle, there was an induction of expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, indicative of a cellular response to oxidative stress. In addition, the levels of lipid peroxidation were greater in mdx muscle than in the control. Since the free radical nitric oxide (NO*) has been shown to mediate oxidative injury in various disease states, and because dystrophin has been shown to form a complex with the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, we examined pre-necrotic mdx muscle for evidence of NO*-mediated injury by measuring cellular nitrotyrosine formation. By both immunohistochemical and electrochemical analyses, no evidence of increased nitrotyrosine levels in mdx muscle was detected. Therefore, although no relationship with NO*-mediated toxicity was found, we found evidence of increased oxidative stress preceding the onset of muscle cell death in dystrophin-deficient mice. These results lend support to the hypothesis that free radical-mediated injury may contribute to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies.
View details for Web of Science ID 000077605200013
View details for PubMedID 9879685
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Dystrophic muscle in mice chimeric for expression of alpha 5 integrin
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
1998; 143 (3): 849-859
Abstract
alpha5-deficient mice die early in embryogenesis (). To study the functions of alpha5 integrin later in mouse embryogenesis and during adult life we generated alpha5 -/-;+/+ chimeric mice. These animals contain alpha5-negative and positive cells randomly distributed. Analysis of the chimerism by glucose- 6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) assay revealed that alpha5 -/- cells contributed to all the tissues analyzed. High contributions were observed in the skeletal muscle. The perinatal survival of the mutant chimeras was lower than for the controls, however the subsequent life span of the survivors was only slightly reduced compared with controls (). Histological analysis of alpha5 -/-;+/+ mice from late embryogenesis to adult life revealed an alteration in the skeletal muscle structure resembling a typical muscle dystrophy. Giant fibers, increased numbers of nuclei per fiber with altered position and size, vacuoli and signs of muscle degeneration-regeneration were observed in head, thorax and limb muscles. Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number of mitochondria in some muscle fibers of the mutant mice. Increased apoptosis and immunoreactivity for tenascin-C were observed in mutant muscle fibers. All the alterations were already visible at late stages of embryogenesis. The number of altered muscle fibers varied in different animals and muscles and was often increased in high percentage chimeric animals. Differentiation of alpha5 -/- ES cells or myoblasts showed that in vitro differentiation into myotubes was achieved normally. However proper adhesion and survival of myoblasts on fibronectin was impaired. Our data suggest that a novel form of muscle dystrophy in mice is alpha5-integrin-dependent.
View details for Web of Science ID 000076894300023
View details for PubMedID 9813102
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Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase: A novel cause of murine muscular dystrophy
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
1998; 44 (3): 381-386
Abstract
Oxidative injury underlies the cellular injury and cell death in a variety of disease states. In muscular dystrophies, evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies suggests that muscle degeneration may be secondary to an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. To address the role of free radical metabolism in the pathogenetic process of muscular dystrophies, we examined the muscle of transgenic mice that overexpress copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase. Overexpression of this enzyme can sensitize cells to oxidative injury, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity was elevated approximately fourfold above control levels in skeletal muscle of the transgenic strain. Examination of serum creatine phosphokinase levels in these mice revealed significant elevations after 2 months of age, indicative of active muscle breakdown. By 8 months of age, there was gross atrophy of the quadriceps muscle, and other hindlimb muscles were variably affected. Histologically, there was evidence of widespread muscle necrosis and regeneration, fiber splitting, and replacement of muscle with adipose and fibrous connective tissue, typical of a muscular dystrophy. Associated with the development of this degeneration was an increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the muscle of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase transgenic mice, highlighting the central role of oxidative injury in this pathogenetic process. These results demonstrate that oxidative damage can be the primary pathogenetic process underlying a muscular dystrophy.
View details for Web of Science ID 000075744700014
View details for PubMedID 9749606
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Heterogeneity among muscle precursor cells in adult skeletal muscles with differing regenerative capacities
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS
1998; 212 (4): 495-508
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury, although studies of muscle regeneration have heretofore been limited almost exclusively to limb musculature. Muscle precursor cells in skeletal muscle are responsible for the repair of damaged muscle. Heterogeneity exists in the growth and differentiation properties of muscle precursor cell (myoblast) populations throughout limb development but whether the muscle precursor cells differ among adult skeletal muscles is unknown. Such heterogeneity among myoblasts in the adult may give rise to skeletal muscles with different regenerative capacities. Here we compare the regenerative response of a masticatory muscle, the masseter, to that of limb muscles. After exogenous trauma (freeze or crush injuries), masseter muscle regenerated much less effectively than limb muscle. In limb muscle, normal architecture was restored 12 days after injury, whereas in masseter muscle, minimal regeneration occurred during the same time period. Indeed, at late time points, masseter muscles exhibited increased fibrous connective tissue in the region of damage, evidence of ineffective muscle regeneration. Similarly, in response to endogenous muscle injury due to a muscular dystrophy, widespread evidence of impaired regeneration was present in masseter muscle but not in limb muscle. To explore the cellular basis of these different regenerative capacities, we analyzed the myoblast populations of limb and masseter muscles both in vivo and in vitro. From in vivo analyses, the number of myoblasts in regenerating muscle was less in masseter compared with limb muscle. Assessment of population growth in vitro indicated that masseter myoblasts grow more slowly than limb myoblasts under identical conditions. We conclude that the impaired regeneration in masseter muscles is due to differences in the intrinsic myoblast populations compared to limb muscles.
View details for Web of Science ID 000075132500003
View details for PubMedID 9707323
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Two regions of the ryanodine receptor involved in coupling with L-type Ca2+ channels
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
1998; 273 (22): 13403-13406
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of virtually every cell type and serve critical roles, including excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in muscle cells. In skeletal muscle the primary control of RyR-1 (the predominant skeletal RyR isoform) occurs via an interaction with plasmalemmal dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs), which function as both voltage sensors for EC coupling and as L-type Ca2+ channels (Rios, E., and Brum, G. (1987) Nature 325, 717-720). In addition to "receiving" the EC coupling signal from the DHPR, RyR-1 also "transmits" a retrograde signal that enhances the Ca2+ channel activity of the DHPR (Nakai, J., Dirksen, R. T., Nguyen, H. T., Pessah, I. N., Beam, K. G., and Allen, P. D. (1996) Nature 380, 72-76). A similar kind of retrograde signaling (from RyRs to L-type Ca2+ channels) has also been reported in neurons (Chavis, P., Fagni, L., Lansman, J. B., and Bockaert, J. (1996) Nature 382, 719-722). To investigate the molecular mechanism of reciprocal signaling, we constructed cDNAs encoding chimeras of RyR-1 and RyR-2 (the predominant cardiac RyR isoform) and expressed them in dyspedic myotubes, which lack an endogenous RyR-1. We found that a chimera that contained residues 1,635-2,636 of RyR-1 both mediated skeletal-type EC coupling and enhanced Ca2+ channel function, whereas a chimera containing adjacent RyR-1 residues (2, 659-3,720) was only able to enhance Ca2+ channel function. These results demonstrate that two distinct regions are involved in the reciprocal interactions of RyR-1 with the skeletal DHPR.
View details for Web of Science ID 000073919100010
View details for PubMedID 9593671
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Muscle cells from mdx mice have an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
1998; 8 (1): 14-21
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that free radical mediated injury and oxidative stress may lead to muscle necrosis in the muscular dystrophies, including those related to defects in the dystrophin gene. We have examined muscle cell death using an in vitro assay in which the processes that lead to myofiber necrosis in vivo may be amenable to investigation in a simplified cell culture system. Using myotube cultures from normal and dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice, we have examined the susceptibilities of the cells to different metabolic stresses. Dystrophin-deficient cells were more susceptible to free radical induced injury when compared to normal cells, but the two populations were equally susceptible to other forms of metabolic stress. The differential response appeared to be specifically related to dystrophin expression since undifferentiated myoblasts (which do not express dystrophin) from normal and mdx mice were equally sensitive to oxidative stress. Thus, the absence of dystrophin appears to render muscle specifically more susceptible to free radical induced injury. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress may lead to myofiber necrosis in these disorders. Elucidating the mechanisms leading to cell death may help to explain the variabilities in disease expression that are seen as a function of age, among different muscles, and across species in animals with muscular dystrophy due to dystrophin deficiency.
View details for Web of Science ID 000073054000003
View details for PubMedID 9565986
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Genetic analysis of alpha(4) integrin functions in the development of mouse skeletal muscle
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
1996; 135 (3): 829-835
Abstract
It has been suggested, on the basis of immunolocalization studies in vivo and antibody blocking experiments in vitro, that alpha 4 integrins interacting with vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) are involved in myogenesis and skeletal muscle development. To test this proposal, we generated embryonic stem (ES) cells homozygous null for the gene encoding the alpha 4 subunit and used them to generate chimeric mice. These chimeric mice showed high contributions of alpha 4-null cells in many tissues, including skeletal muscle, and muscles lacking any detectable (< 2%) alpha 4-positive cells did not reveal any gross morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, assays for in vitro myogenesis using either pure cultures of alpha 4-null myoblasts derived from the chimeras or alpha 4-null ES cells showed conclusively that alpha 4 integrins are not essential for muscle cell fusion and differentiation. Taking these results together, we conclude that alpha 4 integrins appear not to play essential roles in normal skeletal muscle development.
View details for Web of Science ID A1996VR26800023
View details for PubMedID 8909554
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Myoblast-mediated expression of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in the cytokine-deficient op/op mouse
SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
1996; 22 (5): 363-381
Abstract
The osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse lacks colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) due to an inactivating mutation in the CSF-1 gene. Intramuscular transplantation of engineered myoblasts was used to introduce CSF-1 into the circulation of op/op mice. The CSF-1 cDNA was introduced into C2C12 mouse myoblasts in culture using retroviral mediated gene transfer. Upon transplantation into the skeletal muscle of mutant mice, physiological levels of the cytokine were achieved systemically and elicited a biological response: circulating monocytes were induced. Howvever, both circulating CSF-1 levels and the induction of monocytes were transient. Analysis of the site of cell transplantation revealed local changes that may account for the transience of serum cytokine levels. Macrophage markers were induced in muscle tissue implanted with CSF-1 expressing myoblasts: c-fms, the CSF-1 receptor as well as the lineage-restricted antigen F4/80. We propose that in addition to CSF-1 clearance by Kupffer cells of the liver, macrophages that accumulated at the site of cell transplantation bound the CSF-1 produced by the muscle cell transplants, precluding the sustained release of this cytokine into the systemic circulation. Our studies also revealed that damage to muscle caused during cell transplantation or by freeze injury resulted in the accumulation of macrophages in op/op mouse muscle tissue. Indeed, op/op mice were fully capable of regenerating injured muscle suggesting the presence of as yet unidentified CSF-1-independent factors capable of generating macrophages that presumably participate in tissue remodeling in this cytokine-deficient mouse.
View details for Web of Science ID A1996WK59300002
View details for PubMedID 9039846
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THE FATE OF MYOBLASTS FOLLOWING TRANSPLANTATION INTO MATURE MUSCLE
EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH
1995; 220 (2): 383-389
Abstract
Cell transplantation has potential benefits for tissue replacement in the the enhancement of tissue regeneration and as cell-mediated gene therapy for systemic diseases. The transplantation of myoblasts into skeletal muscle also allows gene transfer into cells of the host since myoblasts fuse with host fibers thereby forming hybrid myofibers. The success of myoblast transplantation can be determined by a variety of measures, such as the percentage of myoblasts that fuse, the number of hybrid myofibers formed, or the level of transgene expression. Each measure is a reflection of the fate of the transplanted cells. In order to compare different measures of transplantation efficacy, we followed the fate of transplanted myoblasts expressing the marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in two different assays. Two weeks after transplantation, the number of hybrid myofibers was determined histochemically, whereas transgene (beta-gal) expression was measured biochemically. To control for variabilities of transplantation among different animals, we obtained both measurements from each muscle by using alternate cryosections in the two assays. Within each individual muscle, both hybrid fiber number and beta-gal expression were maximal at the site of implantation and diminished in parallel with distance from the site. However, for determining the success of transplantation among groups of muscles, these two measures of efficacy yielded discordant results: the transplants with the highest number of hybrid fibers were not the transplants with the greatest beta-gal activity. Such discrepancies are likely due to regional variations at the transplantation site that arise when cells are introduced into a solid tissue. These results demonstrate the importance of multiple measures of cell fate and transplantation efficacy for studies of cell transplantation and for the application of such studies to cell therapy and cell-mediated gene therapy.
View details for Web of Science ID A1995RX76400017
View details for PubMedID 7556447
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TETRACYCLINE-REGULATED GENE-EXPRESSION FOLLOWING DIRECT GENE-TRANSFER INTO MOUSE SKELETAL-MUSCLE
SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
1995; 21 (4): 233-240
Abstract
For most experimental and therapeutic applications of gene transfer, regulation of the timing and level of gene expression is preferable to constitutive gene expression. Among the systems that have been developed for pharmacologically controlled gene expression in mammalian cells, the bacterial tetracycline (tet)-responsive system has the advantage that it is dependent on a drug (tet) that is both highly specific and non-toxic. The tet-responsive system has been previously used to modulate expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in cultured cells, reporter genes in plants and transgenic mice and reporter genes directly injected into the heart. Here we show that orally or parenterally administered tet regulates expression of tet-responsive plasmids injected directly into mouse skeletal muscle. Reporter gene expression was suppressed by two orders of magnitude in the presence of tet, and that suppression was reversed when tet was withdrawn. These data show that skeletal muscle offers an accessible and well characterized target tissue for tet-controlled expression of genes in vivo, suggesting applications to developmental studies and gene therapy.
View details for Web of Science ID A1995TK30000002
View details for PubMedID 8525429
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TRANSIENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT LEADS TO LONG-TERM RETENTION OF ALLOGENEIC MYOBLASTS IN HYBRID MYOFIBERS
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
1994; 127 (6): 1923-1932
Abstract
Normal and genetically engineered skeletal muscle cells (myoblasts) show promise as drug delivery vehicles and as therapeutic agents for treating muscle degeneration in muscular dystrophies. A limitation is the immune response of the host to the transplanted cells. Allogeneic myoblasts are rapidly rejected unless immunosuppressants are administered. However, continuous immunosuppression is associated with significant toxic side effects. Here we test whether immunosuppressive treatment, administered only transiently after allogeneic myoblast transplantation, allows the long-term survival of the transplanted cells in mice. Two immunosuppressive treatments with different modes of action were used: (a) cyclosporine A (CSA); and (b) monoclonal antibodies to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte function-associated molecule-1. The use of myoblasts genetically engineered to express beta-galactosidase allowed quantitation of the survival of allogeneic myoblasts at different times after cessation of the immunosuppressive treatments. Without host immunosuppression, allogeneic myoblasts were rejected from all host strains tested, although the relative time course differed as expected for low and high responder strains. The allogeneic myoblasts initially fused with host myofibers, but these hybrid cells were later destroyed by the massive immunological response of the host. However, transient immunosuppressive treatment prevented the hybrid myofiber destruction and led to their long-term retention. Even four months after the cessation of treatment, the hybrid myofibers persisted and no inflammatory infiltrate was present in the tissue. Such long-term survival indicates that transient immunosuppression may greatly increase the utility of myoblast transplantation as a therapeutic approach to the treatment of muscle and nonmuscle disease.
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PZ27200014
View details for PubMedID 7806570
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PSEUDOCHOREOATHETOSIS - MOVEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF PROPRIOCEPTION
ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY
1994; 51 (11): 1103-1109
Abstract
To describe seven patients with proprioceptive sensory loss and choreoathetoid movements.Case series.Outpatient and inpatient university referral.Patients with sensory loss and abnormal movements.None.None.One patient had a parietal cortex injury, one had a thalamic infarction, two had spinal cord lesions, two had dorsal root ganglion neuronopathies, and one had an ulnar neuropathy. In each case, the duration of abnormal movements correlated with the duration of proprioceptive sensory loss, and the abnormal movements were restricted to body parts with proprioceptive sensory loss. The movements varied from chorea and athetosis to dystonia.These cases suggest that proprioceptive sensory loss can lead to a movement disorder, termed pseudochoreoathetosis, which occurs following the appearance of lesions anywhere along proprioceptive sensory pathways, from peripheral nerves to the cerebral cortex. It is hypothesized that pseudochoreoathetosis occurs because of the failure to process limb proprioceptive information in the striatum. Therefore, both choreoathetosis and pseudochoreoathetosis may be manifestations of the failure of the striatum to properly integrate cortical motor and sensory inputs.
View details for Web of Science ID A1994PQ07500005
View details for PubMedID 7980104
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PRIMARY MOUSE MYOBLAST PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION FOR CELL-MEDIATED GENE-THERAPY
JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY
1994; 125 (6): 1275-1287
Abstract
The transplantation of cultured myoblasts into mature skeletal muscle is the basis for a new therapeutic approach to muscle and non-muscle diseases: myoblast-mediated gene therapy. The success of myoblast transplantation for correction of intrinsic muscle defects depends on the fusion of implanted cells with host myofibers. Previous studies in mice have been problematic because they have involved transplantation of established myogenic cell lines or primary muscle cultures. Both of these cell populations have disadvantages: myogenic cell lines are tumorigenic, and primary cultures contain a substantial percentage of non-myogenic cells which will not fuse to host fibers. Furthermore, for both cell populations, immune suppression of the host has been necessary for long-term retention of transplanted cells. To overcome these difficulties, we developed novel culture conditions that permit the purification of mouse myoblasts from primary cultures. Both enriched and clonal populations of primary myoblasts were characterized in assays of cell proliferation and differentiation. Primary myoblasts were dependent on added bFGF for growth and retained the ability to differentiate even after 30 population doublings. The fate of the pure myoblast populations after transplantation was monitored by labeling the cells with the marker enzyme beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) using retroviral mediated gene transfer. Within five days of transplantation into muscle of mature mice, primary myoblasts had fused with host muscle cells to form hybrid myofibers. To examine the immunobiology of primary myoblasts, we compared transplanted cells in syngeneic and allogeneic hosts. Even without immune suppression, the hybrid fibers persisted with continued beta-gal expression up to six months after myoblast transplantation in syngeneic hosts. In allogeneic hosts, the implanted cells were completely eliminated within three weeks. To assess tumorigenicity, primary myoblasts and myoblasts from the C2 myogenic cell line were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Only C2 myoblasts formed tumors. The ease of isolation, growth, and transfection of primary mouse myoblasts under the conditions described here expand the opportunities to study muscle cell growth and differentiation using myoblasts from normal as well as mutant strains of mice. The properties of these cells after transplantation--the stability of resulting hybrid myofibers without immune suppression, the persistence of transgene expression, and the lack of tumorigenicity--suggest that studies of cell-mediated gene therapy using primary myoblasts can now be broadly applied to mouse models of human muscle and non-muscle diseases.
View details for Web of Science ID A1994NT42000008
View details for PubMedID 8207057
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TUMOR SUPPRESSION BY RNA FROM THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF ALPHA-TROPOMYOSIN
CELL
1993; 75 (6): 1107-1117
Abstract
NMU2, a nondifferentiating mutant myogenic cell line, gives rise to rhabdomyosarcomas in mice. We show that constitutive expression of RNA from 0.2 kb of the alpha-tropomyosin (Tm) 3' untranslated region (UTR), but not control 3'UTRs, suppresses anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation by NMU2 cells. When beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-labeled cells were implanted into muscles of adult mouse hindlimbs, Tm 3'UTR expression suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and destruction of muscle tissues characteristic of NMU2. In the rare tumors that developed from Tm 3'UTR transfectants, RNA expression was extinguished. These results suggest that suppression of tumorigenicity is dependent on the continued expression of Tm transcripts lacking a coding region. We conclude that untranslated RNAs can function as regulators (riboregulators) that suppress tumor formation.
View details for Web of Science ID A1993MM89300009
View details for PubMedID 7505203
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WOLFRAM SYNDROME - EVIDENCE OF A DIFFUSE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE BY MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING
43RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NEUROLOGY
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 1992: 1220–24
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder beginning in childhood that consists of four cardinal features: optic atrophy, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and neurosensory hearing loss. Aside from these features, the clinical picture is highly variable and may include other neurologic abnormalities such as ataxia, nystagmus, mental retardation, and seizures. We present two unrelated patients with Wolfram syndrome, both of whom had the four cardinal features and several other neurologic abnormalities. MRIs showed widespread atrophic changes throughout the brain, some of which correlated with the major neurologic features of the syndrome.
View details for Web of Science ID A1992HX95900017
View details for PubMedID 1603350
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SPONTANEOUS INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION - REPORT OF 2 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
NEUROLOGY
1992; 42 (3): 481-487
Abstract
We report two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. In addition to the cardinal features of a postural headache and a low CSF pressure, the patients also had subdural fluid collections demonstrated by head MRI. In both patients, radionuclide cisternography revealed a CSF leak along the spinal axis and rapid accumulation of radioisotope in the bladder. CSF leakage from spinal meningeal defects may be the most common cause of this syndrome. The headache is a consequence of the low CSF pressure producing displacement of pain-sensitive structures. Associated symptoms, including tinnitus and vertigo, and subdural fluid collections are presumably from hydrostatic changes among intracranial fluid compartments that occur at low CSF pressures. Methods of treatment are identical to those for post-dural puncture headaches. Epidural blood patches and epidural saline infusions have rapidly ameliorated the symptoms of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
View details for Web of Science ID A1992HJ99200003
View details for PubMedID 1549206
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RAPID AND SLOW GATING OF VERATRIDINE-MODIFIED SODIUM-CHANNELS IN FROG MYELINATED NERVE
JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
1989; 93 (1): 43-65
Abstract
The properties of voltage-dependent Na channels modified by veratridine (VTD) were studied in voltage-clamped nodes of Ranvier of the frog Rana pipiens. Two modes of gating of VTD-modified channels are described. The first, occurring on a time scale of milliseconds, is shown to be the transition of channels between a modified resting state and a modified open state. There are important qualitative and quantitative differences of this gating process in nerve compared with that in muscle (Leibowitz et al., 1986). A second gating process occurring on a time scale of seconds, was originally described as a modified activation process (Ulbricht, 1969). This process is further analyzed here, and a model is presented in which the slow process represents the gating of VTD-modified channels between open and inactivated states. An expanded model is a step in the direction of unifying the known rapid and slow physiologic processes of Na channels modified by VTD and related alkaloid neurotoxins.
View details for Web of Science ID A1989R845800003
View details for PubMedID 2536798
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THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ACTIVATOR AGENTS BATRACHOTOXIN AND VERATRIDINE AND THE GATING PROCESSES OF NEURONAL SODIUM-CHANNELS
MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY
1986; 29 (5): 467-477
Abstract
The depolarization of frog sciatic nerves by the Na channel-activating toxins, batrachotoxin and veratridine, was studied using the sucrose-gap technique. To study the interaction between the activators and the gating processes of Na channels, we measured the depolarizations of unstimulated nerves, of nerves during repetitive stimulation, and of nerves whose Na channel inactivation process had been pharmacologically modified. Stimulation enhanced the rates of depolarization by the activators but did not effect the steady state depolarization values. Of the three inhibitors of Na channel inactivation that were tested (Leiurus alpha-scorpion toxin, chloramine T, and Ni2+), only Leiurus toxin enhanced the potencies of the activators. Neither chloramine T nor Ni2+ had any effect on the steady state level of depolarization produced by either activator. Both chloramine T and Ni2+, however, enhanced the rate of batrachotoxin action, although neither affected the rate of veratridine action. Leiurus toxin also potentiated the effects of the activators in chloramine T-treated nerves. We tested the interaction between the Na channel activators and a class of agents, local anesthetics, that stabilize a non-conducting state of the Na channel. The presence of lidocaine inhibited the depolarization produced by addition of either activator, although the addition of lidocaine subsequent to the development of batrachotoxin-induced depolarization produced repolarization very weakly and slowly. We also found that the lidocaine homologue, RAC 109I, was about 3 times as potent as its stereoisomer, RAC 109II, in its ability both to reduce the compound action potential amplitude and to inhibit the veratridine-induced depolarization.
View details for Web of Science ID A1986C418900004
View details for PubMedID 2422536
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SAXITOXIN BLOCKS BATRACHOTOXIN-MODIFIED SODIUM-CHANNELS IN THE NODE OF RANVIER IN A VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT MANNER
BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL
1986; 49 (3): 785-794
Abstract
The inhibition by saxitoxin (STX) of single Na channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayers and modified by batrachotoxin (BTX) previously has been shown to be voltage dependent (Krueger, B.K.,J.F. Worley, and R. J. French, 1983, Nature [Lond.], 303:172-175; Moczydlowski, E., S. Hall, S. S. Garber, G. S. Strichartz, and C. Miller, 1984, J. Gen. Physiol., 84:687-704). We tested for such a voltage dependence of STX block of the Na current in voltage-clamped frog nodes of Ranvier. The block by STX of normal Na channels showed no modulation in response to maintained (20 s) changes of the membrane potential or to a train of brief pulses to potentials more positive than the holding potential. However, when the nodal channels were modified by BTX, the train of pulses produced a modulation of the block of the Na current by STX. The modulation of STX block depended on the voltage of the conditioning pulses and this voltage dependence agreed well with that predicted from the single channel studies over the membrane potential range used in those studies. In addition, we found that the voltage dependence of STX block was manifest only at potentials equal to or more positive than required to activate the channels. Most of the apparent differences among data from single channels in bilayers, equilibrium binding studies of STX, and the experiments described here are resolved by the hypotheses that (a) STX binding to open channels is voltage dependent, and (b) the affinities of STX for closed and inactivated channels are independent of voltage, equal, and less than the open channel affinity at potentials less than 0 mV. Whether these hypotheses apply to the STX block of all Na channels or just of BTX-modified channels remains to be determined.
View details for Web of Science ID A1986A473600021
View details for PubMedID 2421797
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LOCALIZATION OF NEURONS IN THE RAT SPINAL-CORD WHICH PROJECT TO THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL-GANGLION
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY
1981; 196 (1): 73-83
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the location in the spinal cord of neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. HRP was applied to the proximal cut end of the cervical sympathetic trunk, close to its entry into the superior cervical ganglion. After survival times of 3, 6, or 9 days, the animals were sacrificed and their spinal cords were processed to visualize HRP using diaminobenzidine, benzidine dihydrochloride, or tetramethylbenzidine. Labeled neurons were found only ipsilateral to the site of HRP application and were restricted to spinal segments C8-T5. Ninety percent of these neurons were located in segments T1-T3. Similar numbers of labeled neurons were found at survival times of 3 and 6 days and the mean number +/- S.E.M. for 11 experiments at these two survival times was 1575 +/- 89. Nine days after application of HRP the mean number of labeled cells and the density of label per cell were reduced. Labeled neurons were found in four regions of the spinal cord: the intermediolateral nucleus (75%), the lateral funiculus (23%), the central autonomic area (1%), and the intercalated region (1%). The cells of the intermediolateral nucleus did not form a continuous column along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord, but instead were often found in clusters, several clusters being present per spinal segment.
View details for Web of Science ID A1981LC36200006
View details for PubMedID 7204667