Wah Chiu

All Publications

• The 3.5-A CryoEM Structure of Nanodisc-Reconstituted Yeast Vacuolar ATPase Vo Proton Channel. Mol Cell Roh, S. H., Stam, N. J., Hryc, C. F., Couoh-Cardel, S., Pintilie, G., Chiu, W., Wilkens, S. 2018; 69 (6): 993-1004

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.006

• Accurate model annotation of a near-atomic resolution cryo-EM map PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Hryc, C. F., Chen, D., Afonine, P. V., Jakana, J., Wang, Z., Haase-Pettingell, C., Jiang, W., Adams, P. D., King, J. A., Schmid, M. F., Chiu, W. 2017; 114 (12): 3103-3108

  Abstract

  Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) has been used to determine the atomic coordinates (models) from density maps of biological assemblies. These models can be assessed by their overall fit to the experimental data and stereochemical information. However, these models do not annotate the actual density values of the atoms nor their positional uncertainty. Here, we introduce a computational procedure to derive an atomic model from a cryo-EM map with annotated metadata. The accuracy of such a model is validated by a faithful replication of the experimental cryo-EM map computed using the coordinates and associated metadata. The functional interpretation of any structural features in the model and its utilization for future studies can be made in the context of its measure of uncertainty. We applied this protocol to the 3.3-Å map of the mature P22 bacteriophage capsid, a large and complex macromolecular assembly. With this protocol, we identify and annotate previously undescribed molecular interactions between capsid subunits that are crucial to maintain stability in the absence of cementing proteins or cross-linking, as occur in other bacteriophages.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1621152114

  View details for Web of Science ID 000396893600057

  View details for PubMedID 28270620

• Subunit conformational variation within individual GroEL oligomers resolved by Cryo-EM Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Roh, S. H., Hryc, C. F., Jeong, H. H., Fei, H. H., Jakana, J., Lorimer, G. H., Chiu, W. 2017; 114 (31): 8259-8264

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1704725114

• Electron Cryo-microscopy Structure of Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Reveals a Mechanism for Nucleocapsid-like Assembly Cell Su, Z., et al 2018; 172 (5): 966-978

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.009

• 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.013 Visualizing Individual RuBisCO and Its Assembly into Carboxysomes in Marine Cyanobacteria by Cryo-Electron Tomography Dai, W. 2018
• 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.018 Neutralizing Antibodies Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Budding at the Plasma Membrane Jin, J., Galaz-Montoya, J., et al 2018; 24 (3): 417-428
• Structure of the 30 kDa HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Signal by a Hybrid Cryo-EM, NMR, and Molecular Dynamics Approach Structure of the 30 kDa HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Signal by a Hybrid Cryo-EM, NMR, and Molecular Dynamics Approach Zhang, K., keane, S. C., Su, Z., robalieva, R., Chen, M., Sciandra, C. A., Marchant, J., Heng, X., Schmid, M. F., Case, D. A., Ludtke, S. J., Summers, M. F., Chiu, W. 2018; 26 (3): 490-498

  Abstract

  Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are routinely used to determine structures of macromolecules with molecular weights over 65 and under 25 kDa, respectively. We combined these techniques to study a 30 kDa HIV-1 dimer initiation site RNA ([DIS]2; 47 nt/strand). A 9 Å cryo-EM map clearly shows major groove features of the double helix and a right-handed superhelical twist. Simulated cryo-EM maps generated from time-averaged molecular dynamics trajectories (10 ns) exhibited levels of detail similar to those in the experimental maps, suggesting internal structural flexibility limits the cryo-EM resolution. Simultaneous inclusion of the cryo-EM map and 2H-edited NMR-derived distance restraints during structure refinement generates a structure consistent with both datasets and supporting a flipped-out base within a conserved purine-rich bulge. Our findings demonstrate the power of combining global and local structural information from these techniques for structure determination of modest-sized RNAs.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2018.01.001

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5842133

• SuRVoS: Super-Region Volume Segmentation workbench JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Luengo, I., Darrow, M. C., Spink, M. C., Sun, Y., Dai, W., He, C. Y., Chiu, W., Pridmore, T., Ashton, A. W., Duke, E. M., Basham, M., French, A. P. 2017; 198 (1): 43-53

  Abstract

  Segmentation of biological volumes is a crucial step needed to fully analyse their scientific content. Not having access to convenient tools with which to segment or annotate the data means many biological volumes remain under-utilised. Automatic segmentation of biological volumes is still a very challenging research field, and current methods usually require a large amount of manually-produced training data to deliver a high-quality segmentation. However, the complex appearance of cellular features and the high variance from one sample to another, along with the time-consuming work of manually labelling complete volumes, makes the required training data very scarce or non-existent. Thus, fully automatic approaches are often infeasible for many practical applications. With the aim of unifying the segmentation power of automatic approaches with the user expertise and ability to manually annotate biological samples, we present a new workbench named SuRVoS (Super-Region Volume Segmentation). Within this software, a volume to be segmented is first partitioned into hierarchical segmentation layers (named Super-Regions) and is then interactively segmented with the user's knowledge input in the form of training annotations. SuRVoS first learns from and then extends user inputs to the rest of the volume, while using Super-Regions for quicker and easier segmentation than when using a voxel grid. These benefits are especially noticeable on noisy, low-dose, biological datasets.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.02.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000400318400007

  View details for PubMedID 28246039

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5405849

• An allosteric transport mechanism for the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump ELIFE Wang, Z., Fan, G., Hryc, C. F., Blaza, J. N., Serysheva, I. I., Schmid, M. F., Chiu, W., Luisi, B. F., Du, D. 2017; 6

  Abstract

  Bacterial efflux pumps confer multidrug resistance by transporting diverse antibiotics from the cell. In Gram-negative bacteria, some of these pumps form multi-protein assemblies that span the cell envelope. Here, we report the near-atomic resolution cryoEM structures of the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in resting and drug transport states, revealing a quaternary structural switch that allosterically couples and synchronizes initial ligand binding with channel opening. Within the transport-activated state, the channel remains open even though the pump cycles through three distinct conformations. Collectively, our data provide a dynamic mechanism for the assembly and operation of the AcrAB-TolC pump.

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.24905

  View details for Web of Science ID 000400020000001

  View details for PubMedID 28355133

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5404916

• Visualizing Adsorption of Cyanophage P-SSP7 onto Marine Prochlorococcus SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Murata, K., Zhang, Q., Galaz-Montoya, J. G., Fu, C., Coleman, M. L., Osburne, M. S., Schmid, M. F., Sullivan, M. B., Chisholm, S. W., Chiu, W. 2017; 7

  Abstract

  Marine cyanobacteria perform roughly a quarter of global carbon fixation, and cyanophages that infect them liberate some of this carbon during infection and cell lysis. Studies of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 and its associated cyanophage P-SSP7 have revealed complex gene expression dynamics once infection has begun, but the initial cyanophage-host interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we used single particle cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to investigate cyanophage-host interactions in this model system, based on 170 cyanophage-to-host adsorption events. Subtomogram classification and averaging revealed three main conformations characterized by different angles between the phage tail and the cell surface. Namely, phage tails were (i) parallel to, (ii) ~45 degrees to, or (iii) perpendicular to the cell surface. Furthermore, different conformations of phage tail fibers correlated with the aforementioned orientations of the tails. We also observed density beyond the tail tip in vertically-oriented phages that had penetrated the cell wall, capturing the final stage of adsorption. Together, our data provide a quantitative characterization of the orientation of phages as they adsorb onto cells, and suggest that cyanophages that abut their cellular targets are only transiently in the "perpendicular" orientation required for successful infection.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/srep44176

  View details for Web of Science ID 000395891400001

  View details for PubMedID 28281671

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5345008

• Control of the structural landscape and neuronal proteotoxicity of mutant Huntingtin by domains flanking the polyQ tract. eLife Shen, K., Calamini, B., Fauerbach, J. A., Ma, B., Shahmoradian, S. H., Serrano Lachapel, I. L., Chiu, W., Lo, D. C., Frydman, J. 2016; 5

  Abstract

  Many neurodegenerative diseases are linked to amyloid aggregation. In Huntington's disease (HD), neurotoxicity correlates with an increased aggregation propensity of a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in exon 1 of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt). Here we establish how the domains flanking the polyQ tract shape the mHtt conformational landscape in vitro and in neurons. In vitro, the flanking domains have opposing effects on the conformation and stabilities of oligomers and amyloid fibrils. The N-terminal N17 promotes amyloid fibril formation, while the C-terminal Proline Rich Domain destabilizes fibrils and enhances oligomer formation. However, in neurons both domains act synergistically to engage protective chaperone and degradation pathways promoting mHtt proteostasis. Surprisingly, when proteotoxicity was assessed in rat corticostriatal brain slices, either flanking region alone sufficed to generate a neurotoxic conformation, while the polyQ tract alone exhibited minimal toxicity. Linking mHtt structural properties to its neuronal proteostasis should inform new strategies for neuroprotection in polyQ-expansion diseases.

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.18065

  View details for PubMedID 27751235

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5135392

• Resolution and Probabilistic Models of Components in CryoEM Maps of Mature P22 Bacteriophage BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL Pintilie, G., Chen, D., Haase-Pettingell, C. A., King, J. A., Chiu, W. 2016; 110 (4): 827-839

  Abstract

  CryoEM continues to produce density maps of larger and more complex assemblies with multiple protein components of mixed symmetries. Resolution is not always uniform throughout a cryoEM map, and it can be useful to estimate the resolution in specific molecular components of a large assembly. In this study, we present procedures to 1) estimate the resolution in subcomponents by gold-standard Fourier shell correlation (FSC); 2) validate modeling procedures, particularly at medium resolutions, which can include loop modeling and flexible fitting; and 3) build probabilistic models that combine high-accuracy priors (such as crystallographic structures) with medium-resolution cryoEM densities. As an example, we apply these methods to new cryoEM maps of the mature bacteriophage P22, reconstructed without imposing icosahedral symmetry. Resolution estimates based on gold-standard FSC show the highest resolution in the coat region (7.6 Å), whereas other components are at slightly lower resolutions: portal (9.2 Å), hub (8.5 Å), tailspike (10.9 Å), and needle (10.5 Å). These differences are indicative of inherent structural heterogeneity and/or reconstruction accuracy in different subcomponents of the map. Probabilistic models for these subcomponents provide new insights, to our knowledge, and structural information when taking into account uncertainty given the limitations of the observed density.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3522

  View details for Web of Science ID 000370763800011

  View details for PubMedID 26743049

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4775875

• Improved Peak Detection and Deconvolution of Native Electrospray Mass Spectra from Large Protein Complexes JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY Lu, J., Trnka, M. J., Roh, S., Robinson, P. J., Shiau, C., Fujimori, D. G., Chiu, W., Burlingame, A. L., Guan, S. 2015; 26 (12): 2141-2151

  Abstract

  Native electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (native MS) measures biomolecules under conditions that preserve most aspects of protein tertiary and quaternary structure, enabling direct characterization of large intact protein assemblies. However, native spectra derived from these assemblies are often partially obscured by low signal-to-noise as well as broad peak shapes because of residual solvation and adduction after the electrospray process. The wide peak widths together with the fact that sequential charge state series from highly charged ions are closely spaced means that native spectra containing multiple species often suffer from high degrees of peak overlap or else contain highly interleaved charge envelopes. This situation presents a challenge for peak detection, correct charge state and charge envelope assignment, and ultimately extraction of the relevant underlying mass values of the noncovalent assemblages being investigated. In this report, we describe a comprehensive algorithm developed for addressing peak detection, peak overlap, and charge state assignment in native mass spectra, called PeakSeeker. Overlapped peaks are detected by examination of the second derivative of the raw mass spectrum. Charge state distributions of the molecular species are determined by fitting linear combinations of charge envelopes to the overall experimental mass spectrum. This software is capable of deconvoluting heterogeneous, complex, and noisy native mass spectra of large protein assemblies as demonstrated by analysis of (1) synthetic mononucleosomes containing severely overlapping peaks, (2) an RNA polymerase II/α-amanitin complex with many closely interleaved ion signals, and (3) human TriC complex containing high levels of background noise. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

  View details for DOI 10.1007/s13361-015-1235-6

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365116500020

  View details for PubMedID 26323614

• Gating machinery of InsP(3)R channels revealed by electron cryomicroscopy NATURE Fan, G., Baker, M. L., Wang, Z., Baker, M. R., Sinyagovskiy, P. A., Chiu, W., Ludtke, S. J., Serysheva, I. I. 2015; 527 (7578): 336-?

  Abstract

  Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) are ubiquitous ion channels responsible for cytosolic Ca(2+) signalling and essential for a broad array of cellular processes ranging from contraction to secretion, and from proliferation to cell death. Despite decades of research on InsP3Rs, a mechanistic understanding of their structure-function relationship is lacking. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, near-atomic (4.7 Å) resolution electron cryomicroscopy structure of the tetrameric mammalian type 1 InsP3R channel in its apo-state. At this resolution, we are able to trace unambiguously ∼85% of the protein backbone, allowing us to identify the structural elements involved in gating and modulation of this 1.3-megadalton channel. Although the central Ca(2+)-conduction pathway is similar to other ion channels, including the closely related ryanodine receptor, the cytosolic carboxy termini are uniquely arranged in a left-handed α-helical bundle, directly interacting with the amino-terminal domains of adjacent subunits. This configuration suggests a molecular mechanism for allosteric regulation of channel gating by intracellular signals.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nature15249

  View details for Web of Science ID 000365356800047

  View details for PubMedID 26458101

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4804758

• Outcome of the First wwPDB Hybrid/Integrative Methods Task Force Workshop STRUCTURE Sali, A., Berman, H. M., Schwede, T., Trewhella, J., Kleywegt, G., Burley, S. K., Markley, J., Nakamura, H., Adams, P., Bonvin, A. M., Chiu, W., Dal Peraro, M., Di Maio, F., Ferrin, T. E., Gruenewald, K., Gutmanas, A., Henderson, R., Hummer, G., Iwasaki, K., Johnson, G., Lawson, C. L., Meiler, J., Marti-Renom, M. A., Montelione, G. T., Nilges, M., Nussinov, R., Patwardhan, A., Rappsilber, J., Read, R. J., Saibil, H., Schroeder, G. F., Schwieters, C. D., Seidel, C. A., Svergun, D., Topf, M., Ulrich, E. L., Velankar, S., Westbrook, J. D. 2015; 23 (7): 1156-1167

  Abstract

  Structures of biomolecular systems are increasingly computed by integrative modeling that relies on varied types of experimental data and theoretical information. We describe here the proceedings and conclusions from the first wwPDB Hybrid/Integrative Methods Task Force Workshop held at the European Bioinformatics Institute in Hinxton, UK, on October 6 and 7, 2014. At the workshop, experts in various experimental fields of structural biology, experts in integrative modeling and visualization, and experts in data archiving addressed a series of questions central to the future of structural biology. How should integrative models be represented? How should the data and integrative models be validated? What data should be archived? How should the data and models be archived? What information should accompany the publication of integrative models?

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2015.05.013

  View details for Web of Science ID 000360312200004

  View details for PubMedID 26095030

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4933300

• CTF Challenge: Result summary JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Marabini, R., Carragher, B., Chen, S., Chen, J., Cheng, A., Downing, K. H., Frank, J., Grassucci, R. A., Heymann, J. B., Jiang, W., Jonic, S., Liao, H. Y., Ludtke, S. J., Patwari, S., Piotrowski, A. L., Quintana, A., Sorzano, C. O., Stahlberg, H., Vargas, J., Voss, N. R., Chiu, W., Carazo, J. M. 2015; 190 (3): 348-359

  Abstract

  Image formation in bright field electron microscopy can be described with the help of the contrast transfer function (CTF). In this work the authors describe the "CTF Estimation Challenge", called by the Madrid Instruct Image Processing Center (I2PC) in collaboration with the National Center for Macromolecular Imaging (NCMI) at Houston. Correcting for the effects of the CTF requires accurate knowledge of the CTF parameters, but these have often been difficult to determine. In this challenge, researchers have had the opportunity to test their ability in estimating some of the key parameters of the electron microscope CTF on a large micrograph data set produced by well-known laboratories on a wide set of experimental conditions. This work presents the first analysis of the results of the CTF Estimation Challenge, including an assessment of the performance of the different software packages under different conditions, so as to identify those areas of research where further developments would be desirable in order to achieve high-resolution structural information.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.04.003

  View details for Web of Science ID 000356115600009

  View details for PubMedID 25913484

• An atomic model of brome mosaic virus using direct electron detection and real-space optimization NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Wang, Z., Hryc, C. F., Bammes, B., Afonine, P. V., Jakana, J., Chen, D., Liu, X., Baker, M. L., Kao, C., Ludtke, S. J., Schmid, M. F., Adams, P. D., Chiu, W. 2014; 5

  Abstract

  Advances in electron cryo-microscopy have enabled structure determination of macromolecules at near-atomic resolution. However, structure determination, even using de novo methods, remains susceptible to model bias and overfitting. Here we describe a complete workflow for data acquisition, image processing, all-atom modelling and validation of brome mosaic virus, an RNA virus. Data were collected with a direct electron detector in integrating mode and an exposure beyond the traditional radiation damage limit. The final density map has a resolution of 3.8 Å as assessed by two independent data sets and maps. We used the map to derive an all-atom model with a newly implemented real-space optimization protocol. The validity of the model was verified by its match with the density map and a previous model from X-ray crystallography, as well as the internal consistency of models from independent maps. This study demonstrates a practical approach to obtain a rigorously validated atomic resolution electron cryo-microscopy structure.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms5808

  View details for Web of Science ID 000342928700012

  View details for PubMedID 25185801

• Modulation of STAT3 folding and function by TRiC/CCT chaperonin. PLoS biology Kasembeli, M., Lau, W. C., Roh, S., Eckols, T. K., Frydman, J., Chiu, W., Tweardy, D. J. 2014; 12 (4)

  Abstract

  Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) transduces signals of many peptide hormones from the cell surface to the nucleus and functions as an oncoprotein in many types of cancers, yet little is known about how it achieves its native folded state within the cell. Here we show that Stat3 is a novel substrate of the ring-shaped hetero-oligomeric eukaryotic chaperonin, TRiC/CCT, which contributes to its biosynthesis and activity in vitro and in vivo. TRiC binding to Stat3 was mediated, at least in part, by TRiC subunit CCT3. Stat3 binding to TRiC mapped predominantly to the β-strand rich, DNA-binding domain of Stat3. Notably, enhancing Stat3 binding to TRiC by engineering an additional TRiC-binding domain from the von Hippel-Lindau protein (vTBD), at the N-terminus of Stat3, further increased its affinity for TRiC as well as its function, as determined by Stat3's ability to bind to its phosphotyrosyl-peptide ligand, an interaction critical for Stat3 activation. Thus, Stat3 levels and function are regulated by TRiC and can be modulated by manipulating its interaction with TRiC.

  View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001844

  View details for PubMedID 24756126

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3995649

• Validated near-atomic resolution structure of bacteriophage epsilon15 derived from cryo-EM and modeling PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Baker, M. L., Hryc, C. F., Zhang, Q., Wu, W., Jakana, J., Haase-Pettingell, C., Afonine, P. V., Adams, P. D., King, J. A., Jiang, W., Chiu, W. 2013; 110 (30): 12301-12306

  Abstract

  High-resolution structures of viruses have made important contributions to modern structural biology. Bacteriophages, the most diverse and abundant organisms on earth, replicate and infect all bacteria and archaea, making them excellent potential alternatives to antibiotics and therapies for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Here, we improved upon our previous electron cryomicroscopy structure of Salmonella bacteriophage epsilon15, achieving a resolution sufficient to determine the tertiary structures of both gp7 and gp10 protein subunits that form the T = 7 icosahedral lattice. This study utilizes recently established best practice for near-atomic to high-resolution (3-5 Å) electron cryomicroscopy data evaluation. The resolution and reliability of the density map were cross-validated by multiple reconstructions from truly independent data sets, whereas the models of the individual protein subunits were validated adopting the best practices from X-ray crystallography. Some sidechain densities are clearly resolved and show the subunit-subunit interactions within and across the capsomeres that are required to stabilize the virus. The presence of the canonical phage and jellyroll viral protein folds, gp7 and gp10, respectively, in the same virus suggests that epsilon15 may have emerged more recently relative to other bacteriophages.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1309947110

  View details for Web of Science ID 000322112300044

  View details for PubMedID 23840063

• TRiC's tricks inhibit huntingtin aggregation ELIFE Shahmoradian, S. H., Galaz-Montoya, J. G., Schmid, M. F., Cong, Y., Ma, B., Spiess, C., Frydman, J., Ludtke, S. J., Chiu, W. 2013; 2

  View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.00710

  View details for Web of Science ID 000328620500004

  View details for PubMedID 23853712

• Cryo-EM model validation using independent map reconstructions. Protein science DiMaio, F., Zhang, J., Chiu, W., Baker, D. 2013; 22 (6): 865-868

  Abstract

  An increasing number of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) density maps are being generated with suitable resolution to trace the protein backbone and guide sidechain placement. Generating and evaluating atomic models based on such maps would be greatly facilitated by independent validation metrics for assessing the fit of the models to the data. We describe such a metric based on the fit of atomic models with independent test maps from single particle reconstructions not used in model refinement. The metric provides a means to determine the proper balance between the fit to the density and model energy and stereochemistry during refinement, and is likely to be useful in determining values of model building and refinement metaparameters quite generally.

  View details for DOI 10.1002/pro.2267

  View details for PubMedID 23592445

• The Molecular Architecture of the Eukaryotic Chaperonin TRiC/CCT STRUCTURE Leitner, A., Joachimiak, L. A., Bracher, A., Moenkemeyer, L., Walzthoeni, T., Chen, B., Pechmann, S., Holmes, S., Cong, Y., Ma, B., Ludtke, S., Chiu, W., Hartl, F. U., Aebersold, R., Frydman, J. 2012; 20 (5): 814-825

  Abstract

  TRiC/CCT is a highly conserved and essential chaperonin that uses ATP cycling to facilitate folding of approximately 10% of the eukaryotic proteome. This 1 MDa hetero-oligomeric complex consists of two stacked rings of eight paralogous subunits each. Previously proposed TRiC models differ substantially in their subunit arrangements and ring register. Here, we integrate chemical crosslinking, mass spectrometry, and combinatorial modeling to reveal the definitive subunit arrangement of TRiC. In vivo disulfide mapping provided additional validation for the crosslinking-derived arrangement as the definitive TRiC topology. This subunit arrangement allowed the refinement of a structural model using existing X-ray diffraction data. The structure described here explains all available crosslink experiments, provides a rationale for previously unexplained structural features, and reveals a surprising asymmetry of charges within the chaperonin folding chamber.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2012.03.007

  View details for Web of Science ID 000304214400008

  View details for PubMedID 22503819

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3350567

• Symmetry-free cryo-EM structures of the chaperonin TRiC along its ATPase-driven conformational cycle EMBO JOURNAL Cong, Y., Schroeder, G. F., Meyer, A. S., Jakana, J., Ma, B., Dougherty, M. T., Schmid, M. F., Reissmann, S., Levitt, M., Ludtke, S. L., Frydman, J., Chiu, W. 2012; 31 (3): 720-730

  Abstract

  The eukaryotic group II chaperonin TRiC/CCT is a 16-subunit complex with eight distinct but similar subunits arranged in two stacked rings. Substrate folding inside the central chamber is triggered by ATP hydrolysis. We present five cryo-EM structures of TRiC in apo and nucleotide-induced states without imposing symmetry during the 3D reconstruction. These structures reveal the intra- and inter-ring subunit interaction pattern changes during the ATPase cycle. In the apo state, the subunit arrangement in each ring is highly asymmetric, whereas all nucleotide-containing states tend to be more symmetrical. We identify and structurally characterize an one-ring closed intermediate induced by ATP hydrolysis wherein the closed TRiC ring exhibits an observable chamber expansion. This likely represents the physiological substrate folding state. Our structural results suggest mechanisms for inter-ring-negative cooperativity, intra-ring-positive cooperativity, and protein-folding chamber closure of TRiC. Intriguingly, these mechanisms are different from other group I and II chaperonins despite their similar architecture.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/emboj.2011.366

  View details for Web of Science ID 000300871700019

  View details for PubMedID 22045336

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3273382

• Cryo-EM Structure of a Group II Chaperonin in the Prehydrolysis ATP-Bound State Leading to Lid Closure STRUCTURE Zhang, J., Ma, B., DiMaio, F., Douglas, N. R., Joachimiak, L. A., Baker, D., Frydman, J., Levitt, M., Chiu, W. 2011; 19 (5): 633-639

  Abstract

  Chaperonins are large ATP-driven molecular machines that mediate cellular protein folding. Group II chaperonins use their "built-in lid" to close their central folding chamber. Here we report the structure of an archaeal group II chaperonin in its prehydrolysis ATP-bound state at subnanometer resolution using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Structural comparison of Mm-cpn in ATP-free, ATP-bound, and ATP-hydrolysis states reveals that ATP binding alone causes the chaperonin to close slightly with a ∼45° counterclockwise rotation of the apical domain. The subsequent ATP hydrolysis drives each subunit to rock toward the folding chamber and to close the lid completely. These motions are attributable to the local interactions of specific active site residues with the nucleotide, the tight couplings between the apical and intermediate domains within the subunit, and the aligned interactions between two subunits across the rings. This mechanism of structural changes in response to ATP is entirely different from those found in group I chaperonins.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.str.2011.03.005

  View details for Web of Science ID 000290815500006

  View details for PubMedID 21565698

• Dual Action of ATP Hydrolysis Couples Lid Closure to Substrate Release into the Group II Chaperonin Chamber CELL Douglas, N. R., Reissmann, S., Zhang, J., Chen, B., Jakana, J., Kumar, R., Chiu, W., Frydman, J. 2011; 144 (2): 240-252

  Abstract

  Group II chaperonins are ATP-dependent ring-shaped complexes that bind nonnative polypeptides and facilitate protein folding in archaea and eukaryotes. A built-in lid encapsulates substrate proteins within the central chaperonin chamber. Here, we describe the fate of the substrate during the nucleotide cycle of group II chaperonins. The chaperonin substrate-binding sites are exposed, and the lid is open in both the ATP-free and ATP-bound prehydrolysis states. ATP hydrolysis has a dual function in the folding cycle, triggering both lid closure and substrate release into the central chamber. Notably, substrate release can occur in the absence of a lid, and lid closure can occur without substrate release. However, productive folding requires both events, so that the polypeptide is released into the confined space of the closed chamber where it folds. Our results show that ATP hydrolysis coordinates the structural and functional determinants that trigger productive folding.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.017

  View details for Web of Science ID 000286459900009

  View details for PubMedID 21241893

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3055171

• MOTIF-EM: an automated computational tool for identifying conserved regions in CryoEM structures BIOINFORMATICS Saha, M., Levitt, M., Chiu, W. 2010; 26 (12): i301-i309

  Abstract

  We present a new, first-of-its-kind, fully automated computational tool MOTIF-EM for identifying regions or domains or motifs in cryoEM maps of large macromolecular assemblies (such as chaperonins, viruses, etc.) that remain conformationally conserved. As a by-product, regions in structures that are not conserved are revealed: this can indicate local molecular flexibility related to biological activity. MOTIF-EM takes cryoEM volumetric maps as inputs. The technique used by MOTIF-EM to detect conserved sub-structures is inspired by a recent breakthrough in 2D object recognition. The technique works by constructing rotationally invariant, low-dimensional representations of local regions in the input cryoEM maps. Correspondences are established between the reduced representations (by comparing them using a simple metric) across the input maps. The correspondences are clustered using hash tables and graph theory is used to retrieve conserved structural domains or motifs. MOTIF-EM has been used to extract conserved domains occurring in large macromolecular assembly maps, including as those of viruses P22 and epsilon 15, Ribosome 70S, GroEL, that remain structurally conserved in different functional states. Our method can also been used to build atomic models for some maps. We also used MOTIF-EM to identify the conserved folds shared among dsDNA bacteriophages HK97, Epsilon 15, and ô29, though they have low-sequence similarity. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

  View details for DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq195

  View details for Web of Science ID 000278689000037

  View details for PubMedID 20529921

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2881380

• 4.0-angstrom resolution cryo-EM structure of the mammalian chaperonin TRiC/CCT reveals its unique subunit arrangement PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Cong, Y., Baker, M. L., Jakana, J., Woolford, D., Miller, E. J., Reissmann, S., Kumar, R. N., Redding-Johanson, A. M., Batth, T. S., Mukhopadhyay, A., Ludtke, S. J., Frydman, J., Chiu, W. 2010; 107 (11): 4967-4972

  Abstract

  The essential double-ring eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC/CCT (TCP1-ring complex or chaperonin containing TCP1) assists the folding of approximately 5-10% of the cellular proteome. Many TRiC substrates cannot be folded by other chaperonins from prokaryotes or archaea. These unique folding properties are likely linked to TRiC's unique heterooligomeric subunit organization, whereby each ring consists of eight different paralogous subunits in an arrangement that remains uncertain. Using single particle cryo-EM without imposing symmetry, we determined the mammalian TRiC structure at 4.7-A resolution. This revealed the existence of a 2-fold axis between its two rings resulting in two homotypic subunit interactions across the rings. A subsequent 2-fold symmetrized map yielded a 4.0-A resolution structure that evinces the densities of a large fraction of side chains, loops, and insertions. These features permitted unambiguous identification of all eight individual subunits, despite their sequence similarity. Independent biochemical near-neighbor analysis supports our cryo-EM derived TRiC subunit arrangement. We obtained a Calpha backbone model for each subunit from an initial homology model refined against the cryo-EM density. A subsequently optimized atomic model for a subunit showed approximately 95% of the main chain dihedral angles in the allowable regions of the Ramachandran plot. The determination of the TRiC subunit arrangement opens the way to understand its unique function and mechanism. In particular, an unevenly distributed positively charged wall lining the closed folding chamber of TRiC differs strikingly from that of prokaryotic and archaeal chaperonins. These interior surface chemical properties likely play an important role in TRiC's cellular substrate specificity.

  View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0913774107

  View details for Web of Science ID 000275714300032

  View details for PubMedID 20194787

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2841888

• Mechanism of folding chamber closure in a group II chaperonin NATURE Zhang, J., Baker, M. L., Schroeder, G. F., Douglas, N. R., Reissmann, S., Jakana, J., Dougherty, M., Fu, C. J., Levitt, M., Ludtke, S. J., Frydman, J., Chiu, W. 2010; 463 (7279): 379-U130

  Abstract

  Group II chaperonins are essential mediators of cellular protein folding in eukaryotes and archaea. These oligomeric protein machines, approximately 1 megadalton, consist of two back-to-back rings encompassing a central cavity that accommodates polypeptide substrates. Chaperonin-mediated protein folding is critically dependent on the closure of a built-in lid, which is triggered by ATP hydrolysis. The structural rearrangements and molecular events leading to lid closure are still unknown. Here we report four single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Mm-cpn, an archaeal group II chaperonin, in the nucleotide-free (open) and nucleotide-induced (closed) states. The 4.3 A resolution of the closed conformation allowed building of the first ever atomic model directly from the single particle cryo-EM density map, in which we were able to visualize the nucleotide and more than 70% of the side chains. The model of the open conformation was obtained by using the deformable elastic network modelling with the 8 A resolution open-state cryo-EM density restraints. Together, the open and closed structures show how local conformational changes triggered by ATP hydrolysis lead to an alteration of intersubunit contacts within and across the rings, ultimately causing a rocking motion that closes the ring. Our analyses show that there is an intricate and unforeseen set of interactions controlling allosteric communication and inter-ring signalling, driving the conformational cycle of group II chaperonins. Beyond this, we anticipate that our methodology of combining single particle cryo-EM and computational modelling will become a powerful tool in the determination of atomic details involved in the dynamic processes of macromolecular machines in solution.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nature08701

  View details for Web of Science ID 000273748100049

  View details for PubMedID 20090755

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2834796

• Estimating contrast transfer function and associated parameters by constrained non-linear optimization JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY Yang, C., Jiang, W., Chen, D., Adiga, U., Ng, E. G., Chiu, W. 2009; 233 (3): 391-403

  Abstract

  The three-dimensional reconstruction of macromolecules from two-dimensional single-particle electron images requires determination and correction of the contrast transfer function (CTF) and envelope function. A computational algorithm based on constrained non-linear optimization is developed to estimate the essential parameters in the CTF and envelope function model simultaneously and automatically. The application of this estimation method is demonstrated with focal series images of amorphous carbon film as well as images of ice-embedded icosahedral virus particles suspended across holes.

  View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03137.x

  View details for Web of Science ID 000263758000005

  View details for PubMedID 19250460

• Mechanism of lid closure in the eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC/CCT NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Booth, C. R., Meyer, A. S., Cong, Y., Topf, M., Sali, A., Ludtke, S. J., Chiu, W., Frydman, J. 2008; 15 (7): 746-753

  Abstract

  All chaperonins mediate ATP-dependent polypeptide folding by confining substrates within a central chamber. Intriguingly, the eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC (also called CCT) uses a built-in lid to close the chamber, whereas prokaryotic chaperonins use a detachable lid. Here we determine the mechanism of lid closure in TRiC using single-particle cryo-EM and comparative protein modeling. Comparison of TRiC in its open, nucleotide-free, and closed, nucleotide-induced states reveals that the interdomain motions leading to lid closure in TRiC are radically different from those of prokaryotic chaperonins, despite their overall structural similarity. We propose that domain movements in TRiC are coordinated through unique interdomain contacts within each subunit and, further, these contacts are absent in prokaryotic chaperonins. Our findings show how different mechanical switches can evolve from a common structural framework through modification of allosteric networks.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nsmb.1436

  View details for Web of Science ID 000257412500018

  View details for PubMedID 18536725

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2546500

• Essential function of the built-in lid in the allosteric regulation of eukaryotic and archaeal chaperonins NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Reissmann, S., Parnot, C., Booth, C. R., Chiu, W., Frydman, J. 2007; 14 (5): 432-440

  Abstract

  Chaperonins are allosteric double-ring ATPases that mediate cellular protein folding. ATP binding and hydrolysis control opening and closing of the central chaperonin chamber, which transiently provides a protected environment for protein folding. During evolution, two strategies to close the chaperonin chamber have emerged. Archaeal and eukaryotic group II chaperonins contain a built-in lid, whereas bacterial chaperonins use a ring-shaped cofactor as a detachable lid. Here we show that the built-in lid is an allosteric regulator of group II chaperonins, which helps synchronize the subunits within one ring and, to our surprise, also influences inter-ring communication. The lid is dispensable for substrate binding and ATP hydrolysis, but is required for productive substrate folding. These regulatory functions of the lid may serve to allow the symmetrical chaperonins to function as 'two-stroke' motors and may also provide a timer for substrate encapsulation within the closed chamber.

  View details for DOI 10.1038/nsmb1236

  View details for Web of Science ID 000246187400017

  View details for PubMedID 17460696

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3339572

• Conformational changes in Sindbis virions resulting from exposure to low pH and interactions with cells suggest that cell penetration may occur at the cell surface in the absence of membrane fusion VIROLOGY Paredes, A. M., Ferreira, D., Horton, M., Saad, A., Tsuruta, H., Johnston, R., Klimstra, W., Ryman, K., Hernandez, R., Chiu, W., Brown, D. T. 2004; 324 (2): 373-386

  Abstract

  Alphaviruses have the ability to induce cell-cell fusion after exposure to acid pH. This observation has served as an article of proof that these membrane-containing viruses infect cells by fusion of the virus membrane with a host cell membrane upon exposure to acid pH after incorporation into a cell endosome. We have investigated the requirements for the induction of virus-mediated, low pH-induced cell-cell fusion and cell-virus fusion. We have correlated the pH requirements for this process to structural changes they produce in the virus by electron cryo-microscopy. We found that exposure to acid pH was required to establish conditions for membrane fusion but that membrane fusion did not occur until return to neutral pH. Electron cryo-microscopy revealed dramatic changes in the structure of the virion as it was moved to acid pH and then returned to neutral pH. None of these treatments resulted in the disassembly of the virus protein icosahedral shell that is a requisite for the process of virus membrane-cell membrane fusion. The appearance of a prominent protruding structure upon exposure to acid pH and its disappearance upon return to neutral pH suggested that the production of a "pore"-like structure at the fivefold axis may facilitate cell penetration as has been proposed for polio (J. Virol. 74 (2000) 1342) and human rhino virus (Mol. Cell 10 (2002) 317). This transient structural change also provided an explanation for how membrane fusion occurs after return to neutral pH. Examination of virus-cell complexes at neutral pH supported the contention that infection occurs at the cell surface at neutral pH by the production of a virus structure that breaches the plasma membrane bilayer. These data suggest an alternative route of infection for Sindbis virus that occurs by a process that does not involve membrane fusion and does not require disassembly of the virus protein shell.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.virus.2004.03.046

  View details for Web of Science ID 000222376800012

  View details for PubMedID 15207623

• Electron cryo-microscopy of VAT, the archaeal p97/CDC48 homologue from Thermoplasma acidophilum JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Rockel, B., Jakana, J., Chiu, W., Baumeister, W. 2002; 317 (5): 673-681

  Abstract

  VAT (valosine containing protein-like ATPase from Thermoplasma acidophilum), an archaeal member of the AAA-family (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) that possesses foldase as well as unfoldase-activity, forms homo-hexameric rings like its eukaryotic homologues p97 and CDC48. The VAT-monomer exhibits the tripartite domain architecture typical for type II AAA-ATPases: N-D1-D2, whereby N is the substrate binding N-terminal domain preceding domains D1 and D2, both containing AAA-modules. Recent 3-D reconstructions of VAT and p97 as obtained by electron microscopy suffer from weakly represented N-domains, probably a consequence of their flexible linkage to the hexameric core. Here we used electron cryo-microscopy and 3-D reconstruction of single particles in order to generate a 3-D model of VAT at 2.3 nm resolution. The hexameric core of the VAT-complex (diameter 13.2 nm, height 8.4 nm) encloses a central cavity and the substrate-binding N-domains are clearly arranged in the upper periphery. Comparison with the p97 3-D reconstruction and the recently determined crystal structure of p97-N-D1 suggests a tail-to-tail arrangement of D1 and D2 in VAT.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/jmbi.2002.5448

  View details for Web of Science ID 000175202300003

  View details for PubMedID 11955016

• Fourier amplitude decay of electron cryomicroscopic images of single particles and effects on structure determination JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Saad, A., Ludtke, S. J., Jakana, J., Rixon, F. J., Tsuruta, H., Chiu, W. 2001; 133 (1): 32-42

  Abstract

  Several factors, including spatial and temporal coherence of the electron microscope, specimen movement, recording medium, and scanner optics, contribute to the decay of the measured Fourier amplitude in electron image intensities. We approximate the combination of these factors as a single Gaussian envelope function, the width of which is described by a single experimental B-factor. We present an improved method for estimating this B-factor from individual micrographs by combining the use of X-ray solution scattering and numerical fitting to the average power spectrum of particle images. A statistical estimation from over 200 micrographs of herpes simplex virus type-1 capsids was used to estimate the spread in the experimental B-factor of the data set. The B-factor is experimentally shown to be dependent on the objective lens defocus setting of the microscope. The average B-factor, the X-ray scattering intensity of the specimen, and the number of particles required to determine the structure at a lower resolution can be used to estimate the minimum fold increase in the number of particles that would be required to extend a single particle reconstruction to a specified higher resolution. We conclude that microscope and imaging improvements to reduce the experimental B-factor will be critical for obtaining an atomic resolution structure.

  View details for DOI 10.1006/jsbi.2001.4330

  View details for Web of Science ID 000169093800004

  View details for PubMedID 11356062

• Scaling structure factor amplitudes in electron cryomicroscopy using X-ray solution scattering JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Schmid, M. F., Sherman, M. B., Matsudaira, P., Tsuruta, H., Chiu, W. 1999; 128 (1): 51-57

  Abstract

  The structure factors derived from electron cryomicroscopic images are modified by the contrast transfer function of the microscope's objective lens and other influences. The phases of the structure factors can be corrected in a straightforward way when the positions of the contrast transfer function rings are determined. However, corrected amplitudes are also essential to yield an accurate distribution of mass in the reconstruction. The correct scale factors for the amplitudes are difficult to evaluate for data that are merged from many different micrographs. We opt to use X-ray solution scattering intensity from a concentrated suspension of the specimen to correct the amplitudes of the spherically averaged structure factors. When this approach is applied to the three-dimensional image data of ice-embedded acrosomal bundles, the core of a filament in a three-dimensional reconstruction of the acrosomal bundle becomes denser and matches more closely the outer density ascribed to scruin.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000084451600008

  View details for PubMedID 10600558

• Solution X-ray scattering-based estimation of electron cryomicroscopy imaging parameters for reconstruction of virus particles BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL Thuman-Commike, P. A., Tsuruta, H., Greene, B., Prevelige, P. E., KING, J., Chiu, W. 1999; 76 (4): 2249-2261

  Abstract

  Structure factor amplitudes and phases can be computed directly from electron cryomicroscopy images. Inherent aberrations of the electromagnetic lenses and other instrumental factors affect the structure factors, however, resulting in decreased accuracy in the determined three-dimensional reconstruction. In contrast, solution x-ray scattering provides absolute and accurate measurement of spherically averaged structure factor amplitudes of particles in solution but does not provide information on the phases. In the present study, we explore the merits of using solution x-ray scattering data to estimate the imaging parameters necessary to make corrections to the structure factor amplitudes derived from electron cryomicroscopic images of icosahedral virus particles. Using 400-kV spot-scan images of the bacteriophage P22 procapsid, we have calculated an amplitude contrast of 8.0 +/- 5.2%. The amplitude decay parameter has been estimated to be 523 +/- 188 A2 with image noise compensation and 44 +/- 66 A2 without it. These results can also be used to estimate the minimum number of virus particles needed for reconstruction at different resolutions.

  View details for Web of Science ID 000079643400049

  View details for PubMedID 10096920

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1300198

• COLD STAGE DESIGN FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVIEWS Downing, K. H., Chiu, W. 1990; 3 (2): 213-226

  Abstract

  Both the number and range of applications of cryotechniques in transmission electron microscopy are increasing rapidly. In some cases, most notably the determination of protein structure by electron crystallography, progress has been limited by the performance of commercially available cryo stages. We review the design and performance criteria for stages which will be necessary for wide applicability in high resolution studies of biological specimens. The important criteria include an operating temperature below -140 degrees C with a low rate of contamination of the specimen, ability to tilt to 60 degrees, and perhaps most important, good resolution as judged by an effective modulation transfer function of 0.8 at 0.35 nm. Most applications also require an effective cryotransfer system. Up until now, most work in high resolution electron crystallography has been accomplished with laboratory-built stages which meet some, but not all, of these criteria. The availability of cold stages which fully meet criteria will allow the rapid expansion of high resolution studies by electron microscopy in structural biology.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1990EG78800002

  View details for PubMedID 2103342

• ALIGNMENT AND MERGING OF ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE IMAGES OF FROZEN HYDRATED CRYSTALS OF THE T4 DNA HELIX DESTABILIZING PROTEIN GP32-STAR-I BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL Grant, R. A., Schmid, M. F., Chiu, W., DEATHERAGE, J. F., Hosoda, J. 1986; 49 (1): 251-258

  Abstract

  Low dose cryoelectron microscopy has been used to record images and electron diffraction patterns of frozen hydrated crystals of the single-stranded DNA binding protein gp32*I. Fourier transforms from 13 image areas, corresponding to approximately 40,000 unit cells, were aligned by a minimal phase residual search and merged by vector addition in reciprocal space. Phases from the resulting composite transform were combined with amplitudes from electron diffraction patterns to reconstruct the projected mass density of the gp32*I crystal at 8.4 A resolution.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1986AYX5300072

  View details for PubMedID 3513856

• STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS OF T4 DNA HELIX DESTABILIZING PROTEIN (GP32-STAR-I) CRYSTAL BY ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Cohen, H., Chiu, W., Cohen, H. A., Chiu, W. 1983; 169 (1): 235-248

  View details for Web of Science ID A1983RG01200011

• STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACE-LAYER PROTEIN OF THE OUTER-MEMBRANE OF SPIRILLUM-SERPENS JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH Glaeser, R. M., Chiu, W., Grano, D. 1979; 66 (3): 235-242

  View details for Web of Science ID A1979GU49700003

  View details for PubMedID 439191

• FACTORS AFFECTING HIGH-RESOLUTION FIXED-BEAM TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY ULTRAMICROSCOPY Chiu, W., Glaeser, R. M. 1977; 2 (2-3): 207-217

  Abstract

  An experimental and theoretical characterization of a fixed-beam transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun has been made with regard to the factors of electron beam brightness, spatial and temporal coherence of the incident electrons, objective lens current fluctuation, mechanical stability, and specimen contamination. It has been found that mechanical stability and temporal coherence are the primary factors that prevent the contrast transfer function from extending to 2.0 A in our microscope. Different amorphous thin films have also been used in order to compare their suitability for testing the imaging capability of the microscope at atomic resolution.

  View details for Web of Science ID A1977DT14100011

  View details for PubMedID 888240

• SINGLE ATOM IMAGE-CONTRAST - CONVENTIONAL DARK-FIELD AND BRIGHT-FIELD ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD Chiu, W., Glaeser, R. M. 1975; 103 (JAN): 33-54

  View details for Web of Science ID A1975AB51500003