Salafist jihadism
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Salafism jihadism (also Salafi jihadism) is a school of thought of Salafi Muslims who support violent jihad. The term was coined by scholar Gilles Kepel[1][2] to describe Salafi who began developing an interest in violent jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as Salafi jihadis or Salafi jihadists. Journalist Bruce Livesey estimates Salafi jihadists constitute less than 1 percent of the world's 2.5 billion Muslims (c. 10 million). [1]
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[edit] Background
Whereas "Salafists originally are supposedly not violent," and the Salafis Gilles Kepel encountered in Europe in the 1980s were "totally apolitical", by the mid 1990s he met many who felt jihad in the form of "violence and terrorism were justified to realize their political objectives". The combination of Salafi alienation from all things non-Muslim — including "mainstream European society" — and violent jihad created a "volatile mixture".[1] "When you're in the state of such alienation you become easy prey to the jihadi guys who will feed you more savory propaganda than the old propaganda of the Salafists who tell you to pray, fast and who are not taking action." [1]
According to Kepel, Salafism jihadism combined "respect for the sacred texts in their most literal form, ... with an absolute commitment to jihad, whose number-one target had to America, perceived as the greatest enemy of the faith."[3]
Salafist jihadists distinguished themselves from salafis they called "sheikist", so named because they had (according to the jihadists) forsaken adoration of God for adoration of "the oil sheiks of the Arabian peninsula, with the Al Saud family at their head". The sheikists' theorist was Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz "the archetypal court ulema." (ulama al-balat) These false salalfi "had to be striven against and eliminated," but even more dangerous was the Muslim Brotherhood, who were (jihadists believed) excessively moderate and lacking in literal interpretation of holy texts.[3]
Another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an "extreme form of Sunni Islamism that rejects democracy and Shia rule." Hafez distinguished them not only with apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars (such as Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz and Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh), but with the sahwa movement associated with Salman al-Ouda or Safar Al-Hawali.[4]
According to Mohammed M. Hafez, contemporary jihadi Salafism is characterized by "five features" -
- immense emphasis on the concept of tawhid (unity of God);
- God's sovereignty (hakimiyyat Allah) which defines right and wrong, good and evil, and which supersedes human reasoning is applicable in all places on earth and at all times, and makes unnecessary and unIslamic other ideologies such as liberalism or humanism;
- the rejection of all innovation (Bid‘ah) to Islam;
- the permissibility and necessity of takfir (the declaring of a Muslim to be outside the creed, so that they must either repent or face execution);
- and on the centrality of jihad against infidel regimes.[4]
Antecedents of Salafism jihadism include Islamist author Sayyid Qutb, who develped the idea that the Islamic world has been replaced by pagan ignorance of Jahiliyyah, and the group Takfir wal-Hijra who kidnapped and murdered an Egyptian ex-government minister in 1978.
[edit] Leaders, groups, activities
Its leaders included Afghan jihad veterans such as the Palestinian Abu Qatada, the Syrian Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, the Egyptian Mustapha Kamel, known as Abu Hamza al-Masri and later Osama bin Laden. The dissident Saudi preachers Salman al-Ouda and Safar Al-Hawali, were held in high esteem by this school.
Murad Al-shishani of the The Jamestown Foundation states there have been three generations of Salafi-jihadists: those waging jihad in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Iraq. As of the mid-00s, Arab fighters in Iraq were "the latest and most important development of the global Salafi-jihadi movement".[5] These fighters were usually not Iraqis, but volunteers who had come to Iraq from other countries, mainly Saudi Arabia. Unlike in earlier Salafi jihadi actions "a significant constituency of Egyptians" was not among the volunteers.[5] According to Bruce Livesey Salafist jihadists are currently a "burgeoning presence in Europe, having attempted more than 30 terrorist attacks among E.U. countries" from September 2001 to the beginning of 2005".[1]
According to Mohammed M. Hafez, in Iraq jihadi salafi are pursuing a "system-collapse stategy" whose goal is to intall an "Islamic emirate based on Sunni dominance, similar to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan." In addition to occupation/coalition personnel they target mainly Iraqi security forces and Shia civilians, but also "foreign journalists, translators and transport drivers, and the economic and physical infrastructure of Iraq."[4]
[edit] Groups
Salafist jihadists groups include Al Qaeda and the now defunct Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA).[3] According to Mohammed M. Hafez, "as of 2006 the two major groups within the jihadi Salafi camp" in Iraq were the Mujahidin Shura Council and the Ansar al Sunna Group. The Mujahidin Shura Council is an umbrella group which contains Al Qaeda in Iraq. [4] There are also a number of small jihadist Salafist groups in Azerbaijan.[6] Jund Ansar Allah is, or was, an armed Salafist jihadist organization in the Gaza Strip. On August 14, 2009, the group's spiritual leader, Sheikh Abdel Latif Moussa, announced during Friday sermon the establishment of an Islamic emirate in the Palestinian territories attacking the ruling authority, the Islamist group Hamas, for failing to enforce Sharia law. Hamas forces responded to his sermon by surrounding his Ibn Taymiyya mosque complex and attacking it. In the fighting that ensued, 24 people (including Sheikh Abdel Latif Moussa himself), were killed and over 130 were wounded.[7]
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Spencer, Robert (2003). Onward Muslim Soldiers. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 0-89526-100-6.
- Spencer, Robert (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades). Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 0-89526-013-1.
- Spencer, Robert (2006). The Truth About Muhammad. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 978-1596980280.
- Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War. Himalayan Books. ISBN 8170020204.
- Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through Hadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 0-682-49948-X.
- Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina Orthodox Press, USA. ISBN 192865326X.
- Phillips, Melanie (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. Encounter books. ISBN 1-59403-144-4.
[edit] External links
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[edit] Sources
- ^ a b c d e The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey
- ^ Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer. Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2003), pp. 65-77.
- ^ a b c Jihad By Gilles Kepel, Anthony F. Roberts
- ^ a b c d Suicide Bombers in Iraq By Mohammed M. Hafez
- ^ a b The Salafi-Jihadist Movement in Iraq: Recruitment Methods and Arab Volunteers By Murad Al-shishani
- ^ The Two Faces of Salafism in Azerbaijan. Terrorism Focus Volume: 4 Issue: 40, December 7, 2007, By: Anar Valiyev
- ^ Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), August 19, 2009.
