Introduction :: MAURITIUS
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Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch - who named it in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU - in the 17th century. The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later an air station, playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. Independence from the UK was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has one of Africa's highest per capita incomes.
Geography :: MAURITIUS
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Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, about 800 km (500 mi) east of Madagascar
20 17 S, 57 33 E
Africa
total: 2,040 sq km
land: 2,030 sq km
water: 10 sq km
note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues
country comparison to the world: 181
almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC
0 km
177 km
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau
mean elevation: NA
elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Piton 828 m
arable land, fish
agricultural land: 43.8%
arable land 38.4%; permanent crops 2%; permanent pasture 3.4%
forest: 17.3%
other: 38.9% (2011 est.)
190 sq km (2012)
cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards
water pollution, degradation of coral reefs
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs; former home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species
People and Society :: MAURITIUS
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1,348,242 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
noun: Mauritian(s)
adjective: Mauritian
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%
Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, the official language, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)
Hindu 48.5%, Roman Catholic 26.3%, Muslim 17.3%, other Christian 6.4%, other 0.6%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)
Mauritius has transitioned from a country of high fertility and high mortality rates in the 1950s and mid-1960s to one with among the lowest population growth rates in the developing world today. After World War II, Mauritius’ population began to expand quickly due to increased fertility and a dramatic drop in mortality rates as a result of improved health care and the eradication of malaria. This period of heightened population growth – reaching about 3% a year – was followed by one of the world’s most rapid birth rate declines.
The total fertility rate fell from 6.2 children per women in 1963 to 3.2 in 1972 – largely the result of improved educational attainment, especially among young women, accompanied by later marriage and the adoption of family planning methods. The family planning programs’ success was due to support from the government and eventually the traditionally pronatalist religious communities, which both recognized that controlling population growth was necessary because of Mauritius’ small size and limited resources. Mauritius’ fertility rate has consistently been below replacement level since the late 1990s, a rate that is substantially lower than nearby countries in southern Africa.
With no indigenous population, Mauritius’ ethnic mix is a product of more than two centuries of European colonialism and continued international labor migration. Sugar production relied on slave labor mainly from Madagascar, Mozambique, and East Africa from the early 18th century until its abolition in 1835, when slaves were replaced with indentured Indians. Most of the influx of indentured labor – peaking between the late 1830s and early 1860 – settled permanently creating massive population growth of more than 7% a year and reshaping the island’s social and cultural composition. While Indians represented about 12% of Mauritius’ population in 1837, they and their descendants accounted for roughly two-thirds by the end of the 19th century. Most were Hindus, but the majority of the free Indian traders were Muslims.
Mauritius again turned to overseas labor when its success in clothing and textile exports led to a labor shortage in the mid-1980s. Clothing manufacturers brought in contract workers (increasingly women) from China, India, and, to a lesser extent Bangladesh and Madagascar, who worked longer hours for lower wages under poor conditions and were viewed as more productive than locals. Downturns in the sugar and textile industries in the mid-2000s and a lack of highly qualified domestic workers for Mauritius’ growing services sector led to the emigration of low-skilled workers and a reliance on skilled foreign labor. Since 2007, Mauritius has pursued a circular migration program to enable citizens to acquire new skills and savings abroad and then return home to start businesses and to invest in the country’s development.
0-14 years: 20.44% (male 140,808/female 134,826)
15-24 years: 15.06% (male 102,593/female 100,465)
25-54 years: 43.87% (male 295,794/female 295,719)
55-64 years: 11.37% (male 72,733/female 80,621)
65 years and over: 9.25% (male 50,888/female 73,795) (2016 est.)
population pyramid:
Africa
::MAURITIUS
Population Pyramid
A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
total dependency ratio: 40.6%
youth dependency ratio: 27.2%
elderly dependency ratio: 13.4%
potential support ratio: 7.4% (2015 est.)
total: 34.8 years
male: 33.9 years
female: 35.8 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
0.61% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
13.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
urban population: 39.7% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: -0.08% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
PORT LOUIS (capital) 135,000 (2014)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
53 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
total: 10 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
total population: 75.6 years
male: 72.2 years
female: 79.2 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
1.75 children born/woman (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
4.8% of GDP (2014)
country comparison to the world: 145
1.62 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
3.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)
improved:
urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 99.8% of population
total: 99.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 0.2% of population
total: 0.1% of population (2015 est.)
improved:
urban: 93.9% of population
rural: 92.6% of population
total: 93.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 6.1% of population
rural: 7.4% of population
total: 6.9% of population (2015 est.)
0.88% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
8,200 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
400 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
18.8% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 105
5% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 123
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.6%
male: 92.9%
female: 88.5% (2015 est.)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2014)
total: 25.1%
male: 20.1%
female: 32.6% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Government :: MAURITIUS
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conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
conventional short form: Mauritius
local long form: Republic of Mauritius
local short form: Mauritius
note: island named after Prince Maurice VAN NASSAU, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1598
parliamentary republic
name: Port Louis
geographic coordinates: 20 09 S, 57 29 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne
12 March 1968 (from the UK)
Independence Day, 12 March (1968); note - also became Republic Day (1992)
several previous; latest adopted 12 March 1968; amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)
civil legal system based on French civil law with some elements of English common law
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 out of the previous 7 years including the last 12 months
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (since 5 June 2015); Vice President Paramaslyum (aka Barlen) Pillay VYAPOORY (since 4 April 2016)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 17 December 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers (Council of Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 4 June 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly
election results: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote
description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (70 seats maximum; 62 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and up to 8 seats allocated to non-elected party candidates by the Electoral Commissioner's Office to ensure fair and adequate representation of each community and party in the Assembly, as outlined in the Constitution; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 10 December 2014 (next to be held by 2019); note - the National Assembly was dissolved on 6 October 2014, resulting in early elections
election results: percent of vote by party - Alliance Lepep 49.8%, PTR-MMM 38.5%, FSM 2.1%, OPR 1.1%, other 8.5%; elected seats by party - Alliance Lepep 47, PTR-MMM 13, OPR 2; appointed seats Alliance Lepep 4, PTR-MMM 3
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Mauritius (consists of the chief justice, a senior puisne judge, and 17 puisne judges); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal
judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister; senior puisne judge appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; other puisne judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Commission, a 4-member body of judicial officials including the chief justice; all judges serve until retirement at age 62
subordinate courts: Court of Civil Appeal; Court of Criminal Appeal; Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal
Alliance Lepep (Alliance of the People) [Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH] (coalition including MSM, PMSD, and ML)
Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]
Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM [Paul BERENGER]
Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL]
Mauritian Solidarity Front (Front Solidarite Mauricienne) or FSM [Cehl FAKEERMEEAH, known as Cehl MEEAH]
Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH]
Muvman Liberater or ML [Ivan COLLENDAVELLOO]
Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR [Serge CLAIR]
Lalit Political Party
Rezistans ek Alternativ (Resistance and Alternative)
Say No to Coal!
other: various labor unions
ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, CPLP (associate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SAARC (observer), SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador Sooroojdev PHOKEER (since 3 August 2015)
chancery: 1709 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; administrative offices at 3201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491 through 1492
FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Melanie ZIMMERMAN (since 2016); note - also accredited to Seychelles
embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Avenue, Port Louis
mailing address: international mail: P.O. Box 544, Port Louis; US mail: American Embassy, Port Louis, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2450
telephone: [230] 202-4400
FAX: [230] 208-9534
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island
dodo bird, Trochetia Boutoniana flower; national colors: red, blue, yellow, green
name: "Motherland"
lyrics/music: Jean Georges PROSPER/Philippe GENTIL
note: adopted 1968
Economy :: MAURITIUS
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Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has undergone a remarkable economic transformation from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a diversified, upper middle-income economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. Mauritius has achieved steady growth over the last several decades, resulting in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure.
The economy currently rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, but is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, and hospitality and property development. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 15% of export earnings. The government's development strategy centers on creating vertical and horizontal clusters of development in these sectors. Mauritius has attracted more than 32,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India, South Africa, and China. Investment in the banking sector alone has reached over $1 billion. Mauritius’ textile sector has taken advantage of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a preferential trade program that allows duty free access to the US market, with Mauritian exports to the US growing by 40% from 2000 to 2014.
Mauritius' sound economic policies and prudent banking practices helped to mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-09. GDP grew in the 3-4% per year range in 2010-14, and the country continues to expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe. Growth in the US and Europe fostered goods and services exports, including tourism, while lower oil prices kept inflation low in 2015.
$25.85 billion (2016 est.)
$24.97 billion (2015 est.)
$24.12 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
country comparison to the world: 138
$11.74 billion (2015 est.)
3.5% (2016 est.)
3.5% (2015 est.)
3.6% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
$20,500 (2016 est.)
$19,800 (2015 est.)
$19,200 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
country comparison to the world: 86
15.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
16.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
17% of GDP (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
household consumption: 74%
government consumption: 14.4%
investment in fixed capital: 17.3%
investment in inventories: 3.4%
exports of goods and services: 50.7%
imports of goods and services: -59.8% (2016 est.)
agriculture: 4%
industry: 22.1%
services: 73.9% (2016 est.)
sugarcane, tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses; cattle, goats; fish
food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism
2.8% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
624,700 (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
agriculture and fishing: 9%
construction and industry: 30%
transportation and communication: 7%
trade, restaurants, hotels: 22%
finance: 6%
other services: 25% (2007)
7.8% (2016 est.)
8% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
8% (2006 est.)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
35.9 (2012 est.)
39 (2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
revenues: $2.478 billion
expenditures: $2.95 billion (2016 est.)
21.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
-4% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
66% of GDP (2016 est.)
63.7% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
1 July - 30 June
1.1% (2016 est.)
1.3% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
9% (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 36
8.3% (31 December 2016 est.)
8.5% (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
$2.743 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$2.547 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
$12.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$12.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
$13.96 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$13.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$7.239 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$8.751 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$8.942 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
-$509 million (2016 est.)
-$562 million (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
$2.676 billion (2016 est.)
$2.685 billion (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses, fish, primates (for research)
UK 13.2%, UAE 12.4%, France 11.9%, US 10.7%, South Africa 8.6%, Madagascar 6.5%, Italy 5.4%, Spain 4.4% (2015)
$4.355 billion (2016 est.)
$4.526 billion (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
India 18.7%, China 17.8%, France 7.1%, South Africa 6.5%, Vietnam 4.4% (2015)
$4.526 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$4.26 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$10.89 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$10.62 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
NA
$NA
Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar -
35.56 (2016 est.)
35.057 (2015 est.)
35.057 (2014 est.)
30.622 (2013 est.)
30.05 (2012 est.)
Energy :: MAURITIUS
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2.8 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
2.6 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
0 kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
0 kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
1.1 million kW (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
96.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
3.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
0.2% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
country comparison to the world: 149
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
25,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
25,960 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211
0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
country comparison to the world: 147
5.4 million Mt (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
Communications :: MAURITIUS
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total subscriptions: 380,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
total: 1.762 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
general assessment: small system with good service
domestic: monopoly over fixed-line services terminated in 2005; fixed-line teledensity roughly 25 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services launched in 1989 with current teledensity roughly 130 per 100 persons
international: country code - 230; landing point for the SAFE submarine cable that provides links to Asia and South Africa where it connects to the SAT-3/WASC submarine cable that provides further links to parts of East Africa, and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 In (2015)
the government maintains control over TV broadcasting through the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), which operates 3 analog and 10 digital TV stations; MBC is a shareholder in a local company that operates 2 pay-TV stations; the state retains the (2007)
.mu
total: 672,000
percent of population: 50.1% (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Transportation :: MAURITIUS
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number of registered air carriers: 1
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 13
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,466,527
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 168.773 million mt-km (2015)
3B (2016)
5 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 182
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
total: 2,149 km
paved: 2,149 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 173
total: 4
by type: passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 132
major seaport(s): Port Louis
Military and Security :: MAURITIUS
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no regular military forces; Mauritius Police Force, Special Mobile Force, National Coast Guard
0.19% of GDP (2012)
0.16% of GDP (2011)
0.19% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 130
Transnational Issues :: MAURITIUS
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Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands; claims French-administered Tromelin Island
current situation: Mauritius is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Mauritian girls are induced or sold into prostitution, often by peers, family members, or businessmen offering other forms of employment; Mauritian adults have been identified as labor trafficking victims in the UK, Belgium, and Canada, while Mauritian women from Rodrigues Island are also subject to domestic servitude in Mauritius; Malagasy women transit Mauritius en route to the Middle East for jobs as domestic servants and subsequently are subjected to forced labor; Cambodian men are victims of forced labor on foreign fishing vessels in Mauritius’ territorial waters; other migrant workers from East and South Asia and Madagascar are also subject to forced labor in Mauritius’ manufacturing and construction sectors
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Mauritius does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the government made modest efforts to address child sex trafficking but none related to adult forced labor; law enforcement lacks an understanding of trafficking crimes outside of child sex trafficking, despite increasing evidence of other forms of human trafficking; authorities made no trafficking prosecutions or convictions and made modest efforts to assist a couple of child sex trafficking victims; officials sustained an extensive public awareness campaign to prevent child sex trafficking, but no efforts were made to raise awareness or reduce demand for forced adult or child labor (2015)
consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the government appears generally to be committed to regulating its banking industry
