Bio

Lindenberg's research is focused on visualizing the ultrafast dynamics and atomic-scale structure of materials on femtosecond and picosecond time-scales. X-ray techniques are combined with ultrafast optical techniques to provide a new way of taking snapshots of materials in motion. Current research is focused on the dynamics of phase transitions, ultrafast properties of nanoscale materials, and charge transport, with a focus on materials for information storage technologies, energy-related materials, and nanoscale optoelectronic devices.

Academic Appointments

Honors & Awards

  • Chambers Fellow, Stanford University (2015-2018)
  • Young Faculty Award, DARPA (2010)
  • Terman Fellow, Stanford University (2007-2009)
  • Faculty Fellow Post-doctoral Fellowship, University of California, Berkeley (2001-2003)
  • Prize in Physics, Alfred Moritz Michaelis (1996)
  • I.I. Rabi Scholar, Columbia University (1992-1996)

Professional Education

  • BA, Columbia University (1996)
  • PhD, UC Berkeley (2001)

Contact

  • aaronl@stanford.edu
    University - Faculty Department: Materials Science and Engineering Position: Assoc Professor
    • Department of Materials Science and Engineering
    • 476 Lomita Mall
    • McCullough Bldg., Room 219
    • Stanford,  California  94305 
    University - Faculty Department: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Position: Assistant Professor
    • 2575 Sand Hill Rd
    • Mailstop 0059
    • Menlo Park,  California  94025 

Additional Info

  • Mail Code: 4045

Links

2018-19 Courses

Stanford Advisees

All Publications

  • Atomic-scale imaging of ultrafast materials dynamics MRS BULLETIN Flannigan, D. J., Lindenberg, A. M. 2018; 43 (7): 485–90

    View details for DOI 10.1557/mrs.2018.146

    View details for Web of Science ID 000445175700009

  • Obtaining white light from layered perovskites Smith, M., Jaffe, A., Dohner, E., Lindenberg, A., Karunadasa, H. AMER CHEMICAL SOC. 2018

    View details for Web of Science ID 000435539902152

  • Terahertz Emission from Hybrid Perovskites Driven by Ultrafast Charge Separation and Strong Electron-Phonon Coupling ADVANCED MATERIALS Guzelturk, B., Belisle, R. A., Smith, M. D., Bruening, K., Prasanna, R., Yuan, Y., Gopalan, V., Tassone, C. J., Karunadasa, H. I., McGehee, M. D., Lindenberg, A. M. 2018; 30 (11)

    Abstract

    Unusual photophysical properties of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have not only enabled exceptional performance in optoelectronic devices, but also led to debates on the nature of charge carriers in these materials. This study makes the first observation of intense terahertz (THz) emission from the hybrid perovskite methylammonium lead iodide (CH3 NH3 PbI3 ) following photoexcitation, enabling an ultrafast probe of charge separation, hot-carrier transport, and carrier-lattice coupling under 1-sun-equivalent illumination conditions. Using this approach, the initial charge separation/transport in the hybrid perovskites is shown to be driven by diffusion and not by surface fields or intrinsic ferroelectricity. Diffusivities of the hot and band-edge carriers along the surface normal direction are calculated by analyzing the emitted THz transients, with direct implications for hot-carrier device applications. Furthermore, photogenerated carriers are found to drive coherent terahertz-frequency lattice distortions, associated with reorganizations of the lead-iodide octahedra as well as coupled vibrations of the organic and inorganic sublattices. This strong and coherent carrier-lattice coupling is resolved on femtosecond timescales and found to be important both for resonant and far-above-gap photoexcitation. This study indicates that ultrafast lattice distortions play a key role in the initial processes associated with charge transport.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/adma.201704737

    View details for Web of Science ID 000427111300002

    View details for PubMedID 29359820

  • Anharmonicity of the vibrational modes of phase-change materials: A far-infrared, terahertz, and Raman study VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY Shportko, K., Zalden, P., Lindenberg, A. M., Rueckamp, R., Grueninger, M. 2018; 95: 51–56

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.vibspec.2018.01.005

    View details for Web of Science ID 000428832000008

  • Ultrafast Electric Field Pulse Control of Giant Temperature Change in Ferroelectrics PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Qi, Y., Liu, S., Lindenberg, A. M., Rappe, A. M. 2018; 120 (5): 055901

    Abstract

    There is a surge of interest in developing environmentally friendly solid-state-based cooling technology. Here, we point out that a fast cooling rate (≈10^{11}  K/s) can be achieved by driving solid crystals to a high-temperature phase with a properly designed electric field pulse. Specifically, we predict that an ultrafast electric field pulse can cause a giant temperature decrease up to 32 K in PbTiO_{3} occurring on few picosecond time scales. We explain the underlying physics of this giant electric field pulse-induced temperature change with the concept of internal energy redistribution: the electric field does work on a ferroelectric crystal and redistributes its internal energy, and the way the kinetic energy is redistributed determines the temperature change and strongly depends on the electric field temporal profile. This concept is supported by our all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of PbTiO_{3} and BaTiO_{3}. Moreover, this internal energy redistribution concept can also be applied to understand electrocaloric effect. We further propose new strategies for inducing giant cooling effect with ultrafast electric field pulse. This Letter offers a general framework to understand electric-field-induced temperature change and highlights the opportunities of electric field engineering for controlled design of fast and efficient cooling technology.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.055901

    View details for Web of Science ID 000423522800010

    View details for PubMedID 29481168

  • Engineering the Structural and Electronic Phases of MoTe2 through W Substitution NANO LETTERS Rhodes, D., Chenet, D. A., Janicek, B. E., Nyby, C., Lin, Y., Jin, W., Edelberg, D., Mannebach, E., Finney, N., Antony, A., Schiros, T., Klarr, T., Mazzoni, A., Chin, M., Chiu, Y., Zheng, W., Zhang, Q. R., Ernst, F., Dadayp, J. I., Tong, X., Ma, J., Lou, R., Wan, S., Qian, T., Ding, H., Osgood, R. M., Paley, D. W., Lindenberg, A. M., Huang, P. Y., Pasupathy, A. N., Dubey, M., Hone, J., Balicas, L. 2017; 17 (3): 1616-1622

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04814

    View details for Web of Science ID 000396185800043

  • Ultrafast light-induced symmetry changes in single BaTiO3 nanowires JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C Kuo, Y., Nah, S., He, K., Hu, T., Lindenberg, A. M. 2017; 5 (6): 1522-1528

    View details for DOI 10.1039/c6tc04448d

    View details for Web of Science ID 000395888900029

  • Dynamic Optical Tuning of Interlayer Interactions in the Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. Nano letters Mannebach, E. M., Nyby, C., Ernst, F., Zhou, Y., Tolsma, J., Li, Y., Sher, M. J., Tung, I. C., Zhou, H., Zhang, Q., Seyler, K. L., Clark, G., Lin, Y., Zhu, D., Glownia, J. M., Kozina, M. E., Song, S., Nelson, S., Mehta, A., Yu, Y., Pant, A., Aslan, O. B., Raja, A., Guo, Y., DiChiara, A., Mao, W., Cao, L., Tongay, S., Sun, J., Singh, D. J., Heinz, T. F., Xu, X., MacDonald, A. H., Reed, E., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. 2017; 17 (12): 7761–66

    Abstract

    Modulation of weak interlayer interactions between quasi-two-dimensional atomic planes in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provides avenues for tuning their functional properties. Here we show that above-gap optical excitation in the TMDCs leads to an unexpected large-amplitude, ultrafast compressive force between the two-dimensional layers, as probed by in situ measurements of the atomic layer spacing at femtosecond time resolution. We show that this compressive response arises from a dynamic modulation of the interlayer van der Waals interaction and that this represents the dominant light-induced stress at low excitation densities. A simple analytic model predicts the magnitude and carrier density dependence of the measured strains. This work establishes a new method for dynamic, nonequilibrium tuning of correlation-driven dispersive interactions and of the optomechanical functionality of TMDC quasi-two-dimensional materials.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03955

    View details for PubMedID 29119791

  • Visualization of Atomic-Scale Motions in Materials via Femtosecond X-Ray Scattering Techniques ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, VOL 47 Lindenberg, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Reis, D. A., Clarke, D. R. 2017; 47: 425–49

    View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070616-124152

    View details for Web of Science ID 000407726600018

  • 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications 2D MATERIALS Lin, Z., McCreary, A., Briggs, N., Subramanian, S., Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Li, X., Borys, N. J., Yuan, H., Fullerton-Shirey, S. K., Chernikov, A., Zhao, H., McDonnell, S., Lindenberg, A. M., Xiao, K., LeRoy, B. J., Drndic, M., Hwang, J. C., Park, J., Chhowalla, M., Schaak, R. E., Javey, A., Hersam, M. C., Robinson, J., Terrones, M. 2016; 3 (4)

    View details for DOI 10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/042001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000390767600001

  • Ultrafast terahertz-field-driven ionic response in ferroelectric BaTiO3 PHYSICAL REVIEW B Chen, F., Zhu, Y., Liu, S., Qi, Y., Hwang, H. Y., Brandt, N. C., Lu, J., QUIRIN, F., Enquist, H., Zalden, P., Hu, T., Goodfellow, J., Sher, M., Hoffmann, M. C., Zhu, D., Lemke, H., Glownia, J., Chollet, M., Damodaran, A. R., Park, J., Cai, Z., Jung, I. W., Highland, M. J., Walko, D. A., Freeland, J. W., Evans, P. G., Vailionis, A., Larsson, J., Nelson, K. A., Rappe, A. M., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Martin, L. W., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. 2016; 94 (18)

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.180104

    View details for Web of Science ID 000388465200001

  • Picosecond Electric-Field-Induced Threshold Switching in Phase-Change Materials. Physical review letters Zalden, P., Shu, M. J., Chen, F., Wu, X., Zhu, Y., Wen, H., Johnston, S., Shen, Z., Landreman, P., Brongersma, M., Fong, S. W., Wong, H. P., Sher, M., Jost, P., Kaes, M., Salinga, M., von Hoegen, A., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A. M. 2016; 117 (6): 067601-?

    Abstract

    Many chalcogenide glasses undergo a breakdown in electronic resistance above a critical field strength. Known as threshold switching, this mechanism enables field-induced crystallization in emerging phase-change memory. Purely electronic as well as crystal nucleation assisted models have been employed to explain the electronic breakdown. Here, picosecond electric pulses are used to excite amorphous Ag_{4}In_{3}Sb_{67}Te_{26}. Field-dependent reversible changes in conductivity and pulse-driven crystallization are observed. The present results show that threshold switching can take place within the electric pulse on subpicosecond time scales-faster than crystals can nucleate. This supports purely electronic models of threshold switching and reveals potential applications as an ultrafast electronic switch.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.067601

    View details for PubMedID 27541475

  • Mechanism for Broadband White-Light Emission from Two-Dimensional (110) Hybrid Perovskites JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS Hu, T., Smith, M. D., Dohner, E. R., Sher, M., Wu, X., Tuan Trinh, M., Fisher, A., Corbett, J., Zhu, X., Karunadasa, H. I., Lindenberg, A. M. 2016; 7 (12): 2258-2263

    Abstract

    The recently discovered phenomenon of broadband white-light emission at room temperature in the (110) two-dimensional organic-inorganic perovskite (N-MEDA)[PbBr4] (N-MEDA = N(1)-methylethane-1,2-diammonium) is promising for applications in solid-state lighting. However, the spectral broadening mechanism and, in particular, the processes and dynamics associated with the emissive species are still unclear. Herein, we apply a suite of ultrafast spectroscopic probes to measure the primary events directly following photoexcitation, which allows us to resolve the evolution of light-induced emissive states associated with white-light emission at femtosecond resolution. Terahertz spectra show fast free carrier trapping and transient absorption spectra show the formation of self-trapped excitons on femtosecond time-scales. Emission-wavelength-dependent dynamics of the self-trapped exciton luminescence are observed, indicative of an energy distribution of photogenerated emissive states in the perovskite. Our results are consistent with photogenerated carriers self-trapped in a deformable lattice due to strong electron-phonon coupling, where permanent lattice defects and correlated self-trapped states lend further inhomogeneity to the excited-state potential energy surface.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00793

    View details for Web of Science ID 000378196000017

    View details for PubMedID 27246299

  • Time- and Temperature-Independent Local Carrier Mobility and Effects of Regioregularity in Polymer-Fullerene Organic Semiconductors ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS Sher, M., Bartelt, J. A., Burke, T. M., Salleo, A., McGehee, M. D., Lindenberg, A. M. 2016; 2 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1002/aelm.201500351

    View details for Web of Science ID 000372922800013

  • A Bismuth-Halide Double Perovskite with Long Carrier Recombination Lifetime for Photovoltaic Applications. Journal of the American Chemical Society Slavney, A. H., Hu, T., Lindenberg, A. M., Karunadasa, H. I. 2016; 138 (7): 2138-2141

    Abstract

    Despite the remarkable rise in efficiencies of solar cells containing the lead-halide perovskite absorbers RPbX3 (R = organic cation; X = Br(-) or I(-)), the toxicity of lead remains a concern for the large-scale implementation of this technology. This has spurred the search for lead-free materials with similar optoelectronic properties. Here, we use the double-perovskite structure to incorporate nontoxic Bi(3+) into the perovskite lattice in Cs2AgBiBr6 (1). The solid shows a long room-temperature fundamental photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of ca. 660 ns, which is very encouraging for photovoltaic applications. Comparison between single-crystal and powder PL decay curves of 1 suggests inherently high defect tolerance. The material has an indirect bandgap of 1.95 eV, suited for a tandem solar cell. Furthermore, 1 is significantly more heat and moisture stable compared to (MA)PbI3. The extremely promising optical and physical properties of 1 shown here motivate further exploration of both inorganic and hybrid halide double perovskites for photovoltaics and other optoelectronics.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/jacs.5b13294

    View details for PubMedID 26853379

  • Transient terahertz photoconductivity measurements of minority-carrier lifetime in tin sulfide thin films: Advanced metrology for an early stage photovoltaic material JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Jaramillo, R., Sher, M., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Steinmann, V., Yang, C., Hartman, K., Nelson, K. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Gordon, R. G., Buonassisi, T. 2016; 119 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4940157

    View details for Web of Science ID 000369287900019

  • The origin of incipient ferroelectricity in lead telluride. Nature communications Jiang, M. P., Trigo, M., Savic, I., Fahy, S., Murray, É. D., Bray, C., Clark, J., Henighan, T., Kozina, M., Chollet, M., Glownia, J. M., Hoffmann, M. C., Zhu, D., Delaire, O., May, A. F., Sales, B. C., Lindenberg, A. M., Zalden, P., Sato, T., Merlin, R., Reis, D. A. 2016; 7: 12291-?

    Abstract

    The interactions between electrons and lattice vibrations are fundamental to materials behaviour. In the case of group IV-VI, V and related materials, these interactions are strong, and the materials exist near electronic and structural phase transitions. The prototypical example is PbTe whose incipient ferroelectric behaviour has been recently associated with large phonon anharmonicity and thermoelectricity. Here we show that it is primarily electron-phonon coupling involving electron states near the band edges that leads to the ferroelectric instability in PbTe. Using a combination of nonequilibrium lattice dynamics measurements and first principles calculations, we find that photoexcitation reduces the Peierls-like electronic instability and reinforces the paraelectric state. This weakens the long-range forces along the cubic direction tied to resonant bonding and low lattice thermal conductivity. Our results demonstrate how free-electron-laser-based ultrafast X-ray scattering can be utilized to shed light on the microscopic mechanisms that determine materials properties.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms12291

    View details for PubMedID 27447688

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4961866

  • Ultrafast Terahertz Gating of the Polarization and Giant Nonlinear Optical Response in BiFeO3 Thin Films ADVANCED MATERIALS Chen, F., Goodfellow, J., Liu, S., Grinberg, I., Hoffmann, M. C., Damodaran, A. R., Zhu, Y., Zalden, P., Zhang, X., Takeuchi, I., Rappe, A. M., Martin, L. W., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. 2015; 27 (41): 6371-?

    Abstract

    Terahertz pulses are applied as an all-optical bias to ferroelectric thin-film BiFeO3 while monitoring the time-dependent ferroelectric polarization through its nonlinear optical response. Modulations in the intensity of the second harmonic light generated by the film correspond to on-off ratios of 220× gateable on femtosecond timescales. Polarization modulations comparable to the built-in static polarization are observed.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/adma.201502975

    View details for Web of Science ID 000364343700009

  • Dynamic Structural Response and Deformations of Monolayer MoS2 Visualized by Femtosecond Electron Diffraction NANO LETTERS Mannebach, E. M., Li, R., Duerloo, K., Nyby, C., Zalden, P., Vecchione, T., Ernst, F., Reid, A. H., Chase, T., Shen, X., Weathersby, S., Hast, C., Hettel, R., Coffee, R., Hartmann, N., Fry, A. R., Yu, Y., Cao, L., Heinz, T. F., Reed, E. J., Duerr, H. A., Wang, X., Lindenberg, A. M. 2015; 15 (10): 6889-6895

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02805

    View details for Web of Science ID 000363003100091

    View details for PubMedID 26322659

  • How Supercooled Liquid Phase-Change Materials Crystallize: Snapshots after Femtosecond Optical Excitation CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS Zalden, P., von Hoegen, A., Landreman, P., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A. M. 2015; 27 (16): 5641-5646

    View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02011

    View details for Web of Science ID 000360323700024

  • THz-Pulse-Induced Selective Catalytic CO Oxidation on Ru. Physical review letters Larue, J. L., Katayama, T., Lindenberg, A., Fisher, A. S., Öström, H., Nilsson, A., Ogasawara, H. 2015; 115 (3): 036103-?

    Abstract

    We demonstrate the use of intense, quasi-half-cycle THz pulses, with an associated electric field component comparable to intramolecular electric fields, to direct the reaction coordinate of a chemical reaction by stimulating the nuclear motions of the reactants. Using a strong electric field from a THz pulse generated via coherent transition radiation from an ultrashort electron bunch, we present evidence that CO oxidation on Ru(0001) is selectively induced, while not promoting the thermally induced CO desorption process. The reaction is initiated by the motion of the O atoms on the surface driven by the electric field component of the THz pulse, rather than thermal heating of the surface.

    View details for PubMedID 26230806

  • THz-Pulse-Induced Selective Catalytic CO Oxidation on Ru PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Larue, J. L., Katayama, T., Lindenberg, A., Fisher, A. S., Ostrom, H., Nilsson, A., Ogasawara, H. 2015; 115 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.036103

    View details for Web of Science ID 000358024500005

  • Mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS WEATHERSBY, S. P., Brown, G., Centurion, M., CHASE, T. F., Coffee, R., Corbett, J., Eichner, J. P., Frisch, J. C., Fry, A. R., Guehr, M., Hartmann, N., Hast, C., HETTEL, R., Jobe, R. K., Jongewaard, E. N., LEWANDOWSKI, J. R., Li, R. K., Lindenberg, A. M., Makasyuk, I., May, J. E., McCormick, D., Nguyen, M. N., Reid, A. H., Shen, X., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Vecchione, T., Vetter, S. L., Wu, J., Yang, J., Duerr, H. A., Wang, X. J. 2015; 86 (7)

    Abstract

    Ultrafast electron probes are powerful tools, complementary to x-ray free-electron lasers, used to study structural dynamics in material, chemical, and biological sciences. High brightness, relativistic electron beams with femtosecond pulse duration can resolve details of the dynamic processes on atomic time and length scales. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory recently launched the Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and microscopy Initiative aiming at developing the next generation ultrafast electron scattering instruments. As the first stage of the Initiative, a mega-electron-volt (MeV) UED system has been constructed and commissioned to serve ultrafast science experiments and instrumentation development. The system operates at 120-Hz repetition rate with outstanding performance. In this paper, we report on the SLAC MeV UED system and its performance, including the reciprocal space resolution, temporal resolution, and machine stability.

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4926994

    View details for Web of Science ID 000358934400053

    View details for PubMedID 26233391

  • Visualization of nanocrystal breathing modes at extreme strains NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Szilagyi, E., Wittenberg, J. S., Miller, T. A., Lutker, K., Quirin, F., Lemke, H., Zhu, D., Chollet, M., Robinson, J., Wen, H., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Lindenberg, A. M. 2015; 6

    Abstract

    Nanoscale dimensions in materials lead to unique electronic and structural properties with applications ranging from site-specific drug delivery to anodes for lithium-ion batteries. These functional properties often involve large-amplitude strains and structural modifications, and thus require an understanding of the dynamics of these processes. Here we use femtosecond X-ray scattering techniques to visualize, in real time and with atomic-scale resolution, light-induced anisotropic strains in nanocrystal spheres and rods. Strains at the percent level are observed in CdS and CdSe samples, associated with a rapid expansion followed by contraction along the nanosphere or nanorod radial direction driven by a transient carrier-induced stress. These morphological changes occur simultaneously with the first steps in the melting transition on hundreds of femtosecond timescales. This work represents the first direct real-time probe of the dynamics of these large-amplitude strains and shape changes in few-nanometre-scale particles.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms7577

    View details for Web of Science ID 000352720700012

    View details for PubMedID 25762350

  • Color Switching with Enhanced Optical Contrast in Ultrathin Phase-Change Materials and Semiconductors Induced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses ACS PHOTONICS Schlich, F. F., Zalden, P., Lindenberg, A. M., Spolenak, R. 2015; 2 (2): 178-182

    View details for DOI 10.1021/ph500402r

    View details for Web of Science ID 000349814400002

  • Room-temperature stabilization of nanoscale superionic Ag2Se NANOTECHNOLOGY Hu, T., Wittenberg, J. S., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 25 (41)

    View details for DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/25/41/415705

    View details for Web of Science ID 000342580300016

  • Room-temperature stabilization of nanoscale superionic Ag2Se. Nanotechnology Hu, T., Wittenberg, J. S., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 25 (41): 415705-?

    Abstract

    Superionic materials are multi-component solids in which one sub-lattice exhibits high ionic conductivity within a fixed crystalline structure. This is typically associated with a structural phase transition occurring significantly above room temperature. Here, through combined temperature-resolved x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, we map out the nanoscale size-dependence of the Ag₂Se tetragonal to superionic phase transition temperature and determine the threshold size for room-temperature stabilization of superionic Ag2Se. For the first time, clear experimental evidence for such stabilization of the highly ionic conducting phase at room temperature is obtained in ∼2 nm diameter spheres, which corresponds to a >100 °C suppression of the bulk phase transition temperature. This may enable technological applications of Ag₂Se in devices where high ionic conductivity at room temperature is required.

    View details for DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/25/41/415705

    View details for PubMedID 25249347

  • Ultrafast Electronic and Structural Response of Monolayer MoS2 under Intense Photoexcitation Conditions ACS NANO Mannebach, E. M., Duerloo, K. N., Pellouchoud, L. A., Sher, M., Nah, S., Kuo, Y., Yu, Y., Marshall, A. F., Cao, L., Reed, E. J., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 8 (10): 10734-10742

    View details for DOI 10.1021/nn5044542

    View details for Web of Science ID 000343952600110

  • Reversible Optical Switching of Infrared Antenna Resonances with Ultrathin Phase-Change Layers Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses ACS PHOTONICS Michel, A. U., Zalden, P., Chigrin, D. N., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A. M., Taubner, T. 2014; 1 (9): 833-839

    View details for DOI 10.1021/ph500121d

    View details for Web of Science ID 000342120300012

  • Ultrafast polarization response of an optically trapped single ferroelectric nanowire. Nano letters Nah, S., Kuo, Y., Chen, F., Park, J., Sinclair, R., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 14 (8): 4322-4327

    Abstract

    One-dimensional potassium niobate nanowires are of interest as building blocks in integrated piezoelectric devices, exhibiting large nonlinear optical and piezoelectric responses. Here we present femtosecond measurements of light-induced polarization dynamics within an optically trapped ferroelectric nanowire, using the second-order nonlinear susceptibility as a real-time structural probe. Large amplitude, reversible modulations of the nonlinear susceptibility are observed within single nanowires at megahertz repetition rates, developing on few-picosecond time-scales, associated with anomalous coupling of light into the nanowire.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/nl5011228

    View details for PubMedID 25051318

  • Picosecond carrier recombination dynamics in chalcogen-hyperdoped silicon APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Sher, M., Simmons, C. B., Krich, J. J., Akey, A. J., Winkler, M. T., Recht, D., Buonassisi, T., Aziz, M. J., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 105 (5)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4892357

    View details for Web of Science ID 000341153000105

  • Below gap optical absorption in GaAs driven by intense, single-cycle coherent transition radiation OPTICS EXPRESS Goodfellow, J., Fuchs, M., Daranciang, D., Ghimire, S., Chen, F., Loos, H., Reis, D. A., Fisher, A. S., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 22 (14): 17423-17429

    Abstract

    Single-cycle terahertz fields generated by coherent transition radiation from a relativistic electron beam are used to study the high field optical response of single crystal GaAs. Large amplitude changes in the sub-band-gap optical absorption are induced and probed dynamically by measuring the absorption of a broad-band optical beam generated by transition radiation from the same electron bunch, providing an absolutely synchronized pump and probe geometry. This modification of the optical properties is consistent with strong-field-induced electroabsorption. These processes are pertinent to a wide range of nonlinear terahertz-driven light-matter interactions anticipated at accelerator-based sources.

    View details for DOI 10.1364/OE.22.017423

    View details for Web of Science ID 000340674700072

    View details for PubMedID 25090555

  • Ultrafast terahertz-induced response of GeSbTe phase-change materials APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Shu, M. J., Zalden, P., Chen, F., Weems, B., Chatzakis, I., Xiong, F., Jeyasingh, R., Hoffmann, M. C., Pop, E., Wong, H. P., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 104 (25)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4884816

    View details for Web of Science ID 000338515900032

  • Measurement of transient atomic displacements in thin films with picosecond and femtometer resolution STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS-US Kozina, M., Hu, T., Wittenberg, J. S., Szilagyi, E., Trigo, M., Miller, T. A., Uher, C., Damodaran, A., Martin, L., Mehta, A., Corbett, J., Safranek, J., Reis, D. A., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 1 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4875347

    View details for Web of Science ID 000354989200001

  • Real-time visualization of nanocrystal solid-solid transformation pathways. Nano letters Wittenberg, J. S., Miller, T. A., Szilagyi, E., Lutker, K., Quirin, F., Lu, W., Lemke, H., Zhu, D., Chollet, M., Robinson, J., Wen, H., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Alivisatos, A. P., Lindenberg, A. M. 2014; 14 (4): 1995-1999

    Abstract

    Measurement and understanding of the microscopic pathways materials follow as they transform is crucial for the design and synthesis of new metastable phases of matter. Here we employ femtosecond single-shot X-ray diffraction techniques to measure the pathways underlying solid-solid phase transitions in cadmium sulfide nanorods, a model system for a general class of martensitic transformations. Using picosecond rise-time laser-generated shocks to trigger the transformation, we directly observe the transition state dynamics associated with the wurtzite-to-rocksalt structural phase transformation in cadmium sulfide with atomic-scale resolution. A stress-dependent transition path is observed. At high peak stresses, the majority of the sample is converted directly into the rocksalt phase with no evidence of an intermediate prior to rocksalt formation. At lower peak stresses, a transient five-coordinated intermediate structure is observed consistent with previous first principles modeling.

    View details for DOI 10.1021/nl500043c

    View details for PubMedID 24588125

  • Fourier-transform inelastic X-ray scattering from time- and momentum-dependent phonon-phonon correlations NATURE PHYSICS Trigo, M., Fuchs, M., Chen, J., Jiang, M. P., Cammarata, M., Fahy, S., Fritz, D. M., Gaffney, K., Ghimire, S., Higginbotham, A., Johnson, S. L., Kozina, M. E., Larsson, J., Lemke, H., Lindenberg, A. M., Ndabashimiye, G., QUIRIN, F., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Uher, C., Wang, G., Wark, J. S., Zhu, D., Reis, D. A. 2013; 9 (12): 790-794

    View details for DOI 10.1038/NPHYS2788

    View details for Web of Science ID 000327944600017

  • High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of phase change materials APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Hsieh, W., Zalden, P., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A. M., Mao, W. L. 2013; 103 (19)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4829358

    View details for Web of Science ID 000327817000029

  • Ultrafast sub-threshold photo-induced response in crystalline and amorphous GeSbTe thin films APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Shu, M. J., Chatzakis, I., Kuo, Y., Zalden, P., Lindenberg, A. M. 2013; 102 (20)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4807731

    View details for Web of Science ID 000320619300035

  • Intense terahertz pulses from SLAC electron beams using coherent transition radiation. Review of scientific instruments Wu, Z., Fisher, A. S., Goodfellow, J., Fuchs, M., Daranciang, D., Hogan, M., Loos, H., Lindenberg, A. 2013; 84 (2): 022701-?

    Abstract

    SLAC has two electron accelerators, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET), providing high-charge, high-peak-current, femtosecond electron bunches. These characteristics are ideal for generating intense broadband terahertz (THz) pulses via coherent transition radiation. For LCLS and FACET respectively, the THz pulse duration is typically 20 and 80 fs RMS and can be tuned via the electron bunch duration; emission spectra span 3-30 THz and 0.5 THz-5 THz; and the energy in a quasi-half-cycle THz pulse is 0.2 and 0.6 mJ. The peak electric field at a THz focus has reached 4.4 GV/m (0.44 V/Å) at LCLS. This paper presents measurements of the terahertz pulses and preliminary observations of nonlinear materials response.

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4790427

    View details for PubMedID 23464183

  • Intense terahertz pulses from SLAC electron beams using coherent transition radiation REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Wu, Z., Fisher, A. S., Goodfellow, J., Fuchs, M., Daranciang, D., Hogan, M., Loos, H., Lindenberg, A. 2013; 84 (2)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.4790427

    View details for Web of Science ID 000316954600003

    View details for PubMedID 23464183

  • Ultrafast laser-induced melting and ablation studied by time-resolved diffuse X-ray scattering 18th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena Nicoul, M., QUIRIN, F., Lindenberg, A. M., Barty, A., Fritz, D. M., Zhu, D., Lemke, H., Chollet, M., Reis, D. A., Chen, J., Ghimire, S., Trigo, M., Fuchs, M., Gaffney, K. J., Larsson, J., Becker, T., Meyer, S., Payer, T., Heringdorf, F. M., von Hoegen, M. H., Jerman, M., Sokolowski-Tinten, K. E D P SCIENCES. 2013

    View details for DOI 10.1051/epjconf/20134104013

    View details for Web of Science ID 000320558600096

  • Photon-Counting Detectors for Pump-Probe Science 60th IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS) / Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) / 20th International Workshop on Room-Temperature Semiconductor X-ray and Gamma-ray Detectors Kenney, C. J., Dragone, A. B., Segal, J. D., Hasi, J., Mehta, A., Reis, D. A., Markovic, B., Caraguilo, P., Carini, G., Herrmann, S. C., Lindenberg, A. M., Haller, G. IEEE. 2013

    View details for Web of Science ID 000347163503065

  • Fourier-transform inelastic X-ray scattering from time and momentum dependent phonon-phonon correlations Nat. Phys. Trigo, M., Fuchs, M., Chen, J., Jiang, M., P., Cammarata, M., Fahy, S., Lindenberg, A. M. 2013

    View details for DOI 10.1038/NPHYS2788

  • High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of phase change materials Appl. Phys. Lett. Hsieh, W., Zalden, P., Wuttig, M., Lindenberg, A, M., Mao, W., L. 2013; 103: 191108
  • The mechanism of ultrafast structural switching in superionic copper (I) sulphide nanocrystals NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Miller, T. A., Wittenberg, J. S., Wen, H., Connor, S., Cui, Y., Lindenberg, A. M. 2013; 4

    Abstract

    Superionic materials are multi-component solids with simultaneous characteristics of both a solid and a liquid. Above a critical temperature associated with a structural phase transition, they exhibit liquid-like ionic conductivities and dynamic disorder within a rigid crystalline structure. Broad applications as electrochemical storage materials and resistive switching devices follow from this abrupt change in ionic mobility, but the microscopic pathways and speed limits associated with this switching process are largely unknown. Here we use ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy and scattering techniques to obtain an atomic-level, real-time view of the transition state in copper sulphide nanocrystals. We observe the transformation to occur on a twenty picosecond timescale and show that this is determined by the ionic hopping time.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncomms2385

    View details for Web of Science ID 000316614600039

    View details for PubMedID 23340409

  • Ultrafast Photovoltaic Response in Ferroelectric Nanolayers PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Daranciang, D., Highland, M. J., Wen, H., Young, S. M., Brandt, N. C., Hwang, H. Y., Vattilana, M., Nicoul, M., Quirin, F., Goodfellow, J., Qi, T., Grinberg, I., Fritz, D. M., Cammarata, M., Zhu, D., Lemke, H. T., Walko, D. A., Dufresne, E. M., Li, Y., Larsson, J., Reis, D. A., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Nelson, K. A., Rappe, A. M., Fuoss, P. H., Stephenson, G. B., Lindenberg, A. M. 2012; 108 (8)

    Abstract

    We show that light drives large-amplitude structural changes in thin films of the prototypical ferroelectric PbTiO3 via direct coupling to its intrinsic photovoltaic response. Using time-resolved x-ray scattering to visualize atomic displacements on femtosecond time scales, photoinduced changes in the unit-cell tetragonality are observed. These are driven by the motion of photogenerated free charges within the ferroelectric and can be simply explained by a model including both shift and screening currents, associated with the displacement of electrons first antiparallel to and then parallel to the ferroelectric polarization direction.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.087601

    View details for Web of Science ID 000300669600033

    View details for PubMedID 22463572

  • Optical Probes of Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Photoexcited Ferroelectrics Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Goodfellow, J., Daranciang, D., Lindenberg, A. IEEE. 2012

    View details for Web of Science ID 000310362402099

  • Ultrafast x-ray spectroscopic and scattering studies of nanoscale superionic phase transitions Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Miller, T. A., Wittenberg, J., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. IEEE. 2012

    View details for Web of Science ID 000310362402210

  • Ultrafast Optical and X-ray Probes of Nanoscale Solid-Liquid Phase Transformations Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Wittenberg, J., Miller, T. A., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. IEEE. 2012

    View details for Web of Science ID 000310362403161

  • Observations of laser induced magnetization dynamics in Co/Pd multilayers with coherent x-ray scattering APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Wu, B., Zhu, D., Acremann, Y., Miller, T. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Hellwig, O., Stoehr, J., Scherz, A. 2011; 99 (25)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3670305

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299031600042

  • Single-cycle terahertz pulses with > 0.2 V/angstrom field amplitudes via coherent transition radiation APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Daranciang, D., Goodfellow, J., Fuchs, M., Wen, H., Ghimire, S., Reis, D. A., Loos, H., Fisher, A. S., Lindenberg, A. M. 2011; 99 (14)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3646399

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295625100017

  • Observation of Transient Structural-Transformation Dynamics in a Cu2S Nanorod SCIENCE Zheng, H., Rivest, J. B., Miller, T. A., Sadtler, B., Lindenberg, A., Toney, M. F., Wang, L., Kisielowski, C., Alivisatos, A. P. 2011; 333 (6039): 206-209

    Abstract

    The study of first-order structural transformations has been of great interest to scientists in many disciplines. Expectations from phase-transition theory are that the system fluctuates between two equilibrium structures near the transition point and that the region of transition broadens in small crystals. We report the direct observation of structural fluctuations within a single nanocrystal using transmission electron microscopy. We observed trajectories of structural transformations in individual nanocrystals with atomic resolution, which reveal details of the fluctuation dynamics, including nucleation, phase propagation, and pinning of structural domains by defects. Such observations provide crucial insight for the understanding of microscopic pathways of phase transitions.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1204713

    View details for Web of Science ID 000292502700045

    View details for PubMedID 21737738

  • Generation of > 100 mu J, Broadband THz Transients with > 10 MV/cm Fields via Coherent Transition Radiation at the Linac Coherent Light Source Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Daranciang, D., Goodfellow, J., Ghimire, S., Loos, H., Reis, D., Fisher, A. S., Lindenberg, A. M. IEEE. 2011

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295612401212

  • High-speed all-optical terahertz polarization switching by a transient plasma phase modulator APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Wen, H., Daranciang, D., Lindenberg, A. M. 2010; 96 (16)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3407514

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277020600003

  • Ultrafast Conversions of Hydrogen-Bonded Structures in Liquid Water Observed via Femtosecond Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Huse, N., Wen, H., Cho, H., Kim, T., Schoenlein, R., W., Lindenberg, A., M. 2010
  • High-intensity THz interactions with materials: New aspects and applications International Symposium on High Power Laser Ablation 2010 Daranciang, D., Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. AMER INST PHYSICS. 2010: 17–25

    View details for Web of Science ID 000287183900002

  • Light-Induced Modulation of Ferroelectric Polarization Probed Using Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering Daranciang, D., Wen, H., Highland, M., Perkins, B., Brandt, N., Nelson, K., Lindenberg, A. M. 2010
  • Ultrafast conversions between hydrogen bonded structures in liquid water observed by femtosecond x-ray spectroscopy JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS Wen, H., Huse, N., Schoenlein, R. W., Lindenberg, A. M. 2009; 131 (23)

    Abstract

    We present the first femtosecond soft x-ray spectroscopy in liquids, enabling the observation of changes in hydrogen bond structures in water via core-hole excitation. The oxygen K-edge of vibrationally excited water is probed with femtosecond soft x-ray pulses, exploiting the relation between different water structures and distinct x-ray spectral features. After excitation of the intramolecular OH stretching vibration, characteristic x-ray absorption changes monitor the conversion of strongly hydrogen-bonded water structures to more disordered structures with weaker hydrogen-bonding described by a single subpicosecond time constant. The latter describes the thermalization time of vibrational excitations and defines the characteristic maximum rate with which nonequilibrium populations of more strongly hydrogen-bonded water structures convert to less-bonded ones. On short time scales, the relaxation of vibrational excitations leads to a transient high-pressure state and a transient absorption spectrum different from that of statically heated water.

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.3273204

    View details for Web of Science ID 000273036300029

    View details for PubMedID 20025333

  • Coherent Terahertz Polarization Control through Manipulation of Electron Trajectories PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. M. 2009; 103 (2)

    Abstract

    The dynamics of ionized electrons in a plasma can be controlled by synthetic optical fields composed of the fundamental and the second harmonic of femtosecond optical pulses with an arbitrary phase and polarization. We show here that the plasma-emitted half-cycle THz radiation directly reflects the two-dimensional trajectories of the electrons through polarization sensitive THz emission spectroscopy. As a result, we find that the THz polarization smoothly rotates through 2pi radians as the relative phase between the two pulses is adjusted, providing a new means of coherently controlling the polarization of light at THz frequencies.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.023902

    View details for Web of Science ID 000267887800020

    View details for PubMedID 19659205

  • Coherent Control of the Polarization of Ultrafast Terahertz Pulses Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2009) Wen, H., Lindenberg, A. IEEE. 2009: 640–641

    View details for Web of Science ID 000274751300322

  • Ultrafast Electron Cascades Driven by Intense Femtosecond THz Pulses 16th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena Wen, H., Wiczer, M., Lindenberg, A. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2009: 654–656

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282108000212

  • Probing the hydrogen-bond network of water via time-resolved soft X-ray spectroscopy PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS Huse, N., Wen, H., Nordlund, D., Szilagyi, E., Daranciang, D., Miller, T. A., Nilsson, A., Schoenlein, R. W., Lindenberg, A. M. 2009; 11 (20): 3951-3957

    Abstract

    We report time-resolved studies of hydrogen bonding in liquid H(2)O, in response to direct excitation of the O-H stretch mode at 3 mum, probed via soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge. This approach employs a newly developed nanofluidic cell for transient soft X-ray spectroscopy in the liquid phase. Distinct changes in the near-edge spectral region (XANES) are observed, and are indicative of a transient temperature rise of 10 K following transient laser excitation and rapid thermalization of vibrational energy. The rapid heating occurs at constant volume and the associated increase in internal pressure, estimated to be 8 MPa, is manifested by distinct spectral changes that differ from those induced by temperature alone. We conclude that the near-edge spectral shape of the oxygen K-edge is a sensitive probe of internal pressure, opening new possibilities for testing the validity of water models and providing new insight into the nature of hydrogen bonding in water.

    View details for DOI 10.1039/b822210j

    View details for Web of Science ID 000266065400018

    View details for PubMedID 19440624

  • Ultrafast electron cascades in semiconductors driven by intense femtosecond terahertz pulses PHYSICAL REVIEW B Wen, H., Wiczer, M., Lindenberg, A. M. 2008; 78 (12)

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.125203

    View details for Web of Science ID 000259691500036

  • X-ray diffuse scattering measurements of nucleation dynamics at femtosecond resolution PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Lindenberg, A. M., Engemann, S., Gaffney, K. J., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Larsson, J., Hillyard, P. B., Reis, D. A., Fritz, D. M., ARTHUR, J., Akre, R. A., George, M. J., Deb, A., Bucksbaum, P. H., Hajdu, J., Meyer, D. A., Nicoul, M., Blome, C., Tschentscher, T., Cavalieri, A. L., Falcone, R. W., Lee, S. H., Pahl, R., Rudati, J., Fuoss, P. H., Nelson, A. J., Krejcik, P., Siddons, D. P., Lorazo, P., Hastings, J. B. 2008; 100 (13)

    Abstract

    Femtosecond time-resolved small and wide angle x-ray diffuse scattering techniques are applied to investigate the ultrafast nucleation processes that occur during the ablation process in semiconducting materials. Following intense optical excitation, a transient liquid state of high compressibility characterized by large-amplitude density fluctuations is observed and the buildup of these fluctuations is measured in real time. Small-angle scattering measurements reveal snapshots of the spontaneous nucleation of nanoscale voids within a metastable liquid and support theoretical predictions of the ablation process.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.135502

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254670300046

    View details for PubMedID 18517965

  • Formation of secondary electron cascades in single-crystalline plasma-deposited diamond upon exposure to femtosecond x-ray pulses JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Gabrysch, M., Marklund, E., Hajdu, J., Twitchen, D. J., Rudati, J., Lindenberg, A. M., Caleman, C., Falcone, R. W., Tschentscher, T., Moffat, K., Bucksbaum, P. H., Als-Nielsen, J., Nelson, A. J., Siddons, D. P., EMMA, P. J., Krejcik, P., Schlarb, H., ARTHUR, J., Brennan, S., Hastings, J., Isberg, J. 2008; 103 (6)

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.2890158

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254536900143

  • Nonlinear THz-pump/THz-probe measurements of semiconductor carrier dynamics Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (CLEO/QELS 2008) Lindenberg, A. M., Wen, H., Szilagyi, E. IEEE. 2008: 322–323

    View details for Web of Science ID 000260498400162

  • Measurement of high-field THz-induced photocurrents in semiconductors Journal of Undergraduate Research Wiczer, M., Lindenberg, A., M. 2008; 8
  • Femtosecond x-ray diffuse scattering measurements of semiconductor ablation dynamics Conference on High-Power Laser Ablation VII Lindenberg, A. M., Engemann, S., Gaffney, K. J., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Larsson, J., Reis, D., Lorazo, P., Hastings, J. B. SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 2008

    View details for DOI 10.1117/12.784094

    View details for Web of Science ID 000258905800002

  • Large acoustic transients induced by nonthermal melting of InSb PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Enquist, H., Navirian, H., Hansen, T. N., Lindenberg, A. M., Sondhauss, P., Synnergren, O., Wark, J. S., Larsson, J. 2007; 98 (22)

    Abstract

    We have observed large-amplitude strain waves following a rapid change in density of InSb due to nonthermal melting. The strain has been measured in real time via time-resolved x-ray diffraction, with a temporal resolution better than 2 ps. The change from the solid to liquid density of the surface layer launches a high-amplitude strain wave into the crystalline material below. This induces an effective plane rotation in the asymmetrically cut crystal leading to deflection of the diffracted beam. The uniform strain in the layer below the molten layer is 2.0(+/-0.2)%. A strain of this magnitude develops within 5 ps of the incident pulse showing that the liquid has reached the equilibrium density within this time frame. Both the strain amplitude and the depth of the strained material in the solid can be explained by assuming a reduction in the speed of sound in the nonequilibrium liquid compared to measured equilibrium values.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.225502

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246910100037

    View details for PubMedID 17677856

  • Carrier-density-dependent lattice stability in InSb PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Hillyard, P. B., Gaffney, K. J., Lindenberg, A. M., Engemann, S., Akre, R. A., ARTHUR, J., Blome, C., Bucksbaum, P. H., Cavalieri, A. L., Deb, A., Falcone, R. W., Fritz, D. M., Fuoss, P. H., Hajdu, J., Krejcik, P., Larsson, J., Lee, S. H., Meyer, D. A., Nelson, A. J., Pahl, R., Reis, D. A., Rudati, J., Siddons, D. P., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., von der Linde, D., Hastings, J. B. 2007; 98 (12)

    Abstract

    The ultrafast decay of the x-ray diffraction intensity following laser excitation of an InSb crystal has been utilized to observe carrier dependent changes in the potential energy surface. For the first time, an abrupt carrier dependent onset for potential energy surface softening and the appearance of accelerated atomic disordering for a very high average carrier density have been observed. Inertial dynamics dominate the early stages of crystal disordering for a wide range of carrier densities between the onset of crystal softening and the appearance of accelerated atomic disordering.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.125501

    View details for Web of Science ID 000245135400034

    View details for PubMedID 17501133

  • Ultrafast bond softening in bismuth: Mapping a solid's interatomic potential with X-rays SCIENCE Fritz, D. M., Reis, D. A., Adams, B., Akre, R. A., ARTHUR, J., Blome, C., Bucksbaum, P. H., Cavalieri, A. L., Engemann, S., Fahy, S., Falcone, R. W., Fuoss, P. H., Gaffney, K. J., George, M. J., Hajdu, J., Hertlein, M. P., Hillyard, P. B., Hoegen, M. H., Kammler, M., Kaspar, J., Kienberger, R., Krejcik, P., Lee, S. H., Lindenberg, A. M., McFarland, B., Meyer, D., Montagne, T., Murray, E. D., Nelson, A. J., Nicoul, M., Pahl, R., Rudati, J., Schlarb, H., Siddons, D. P., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Tschentscher, T., von der Linde, D., Hastings, J. B. 2007; 315 (5812): 633-636

    Abstract

    Intense femtosecond laser excitation can produce transient states of matter that would otherwise be inaccessible to laboratory investigation. At high excitation densities, the interatomic forces that bind solids and determine many of their properties can be substantially altered. Here, we present the detailed mapping of the carrier density-dependent interatomic potential of bismuth approaching a solid-solid phase transition. Our experiments combine stroboscopic techniques that use a high-brightness linear electron accelerator-based x-ray source with pulse-by-pulse timing reconstruction for femtosecond resolution, allowing quantitative characterization of the interatomic potential energy surface of the highly excited solid.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1135009

    View details for Web of Science ID 000243909400039

    View details for PubMedID 17272718

  • Carrier dependent stability of a semiconductor lattice measured with femtosecond X-ray diffraction 15th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena Gaffney, K. J., Hillyard, P. B., Lindenberg, A. M., Engemann, S., Deb, A., Meyer, D. A. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2007: 710–712

    View details for Web of Science ID 000250104700227

  • Ultrafast X-ray scattering in solids LIGHT SCATTERING IN SOLIDS IX Reis, D. A., Lindenberg, A. M. 2007; 108: 371-422

    View details for Web of Science ID 000243862500006

  • Ultrafast optical and x-ray measurements of femtosecond lattice dynamics in photoexcited Bismuth Fritz, D, M., Adams, B., Blome, C., Bucksbaum, P., H., Cavalieri, A., L., Engamann et al., S. edited by Corkum, P., Weiner, A., M., Miller, R., J. 2006
  • Observation of structural anisotropy and the onset of liquidlike motion during the nonthermal melting of InSb PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Gaffney, K. J., Lindenberg, A. M., Larsson, J., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Blome, C., Synnergren, O., Sheppard, J., Caleman, C., MacPhee, A. G., Weinstein, D., Lowney, D. P., Allison, T., Matthews, T., Falcone, R. W., Cavalieri, A. L., Fritz, D. M., Lee, S. H., Bucksbaum, P. H., Reis, D. A., Rudati, J., Macrander, A. T., Fuoss, P. H., Kao, C. C., Siddons, D. P., Pahl, R., Moffat, K., Als-Nielsen, J., Duesterer, S., Ischebeck, R., Schlarb, H., Schulte-Schrepping, H., Schneider, J., von der Linde, D., Hignette, O., Sette, F., Chapman, H. N., Lee, R. W., Hansen, T. N., Wark, J. S., Bergh, M., Huldt, G., van der Spoel, D., Timneanu, N., Hajdu, J., Akre, R. A., Bong, E., Krejcik, P., ARTHUR, J., Brennan, S., Luening, K., Hastings, J. B. 2005; 95 (12)

    Abstract

    The melting dynamics of laser excited InSb have been studied with femtosecond x-ray diffraction. These measurements observe the delayed onset of diffusive atomic motion, signaling the appearance of liquidlike dynamics. They also demonstrate that the root-mean-squared displacement in the [111] direction increases faster than in the [110] direction after the first 500 fs. This structural anisotropy indicates that the initially generated fluid differs significantly from the equilibrium liquid.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.125701

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231908200033

    View details for PubMedID 16197085

  • Time-resolved measurements of the structure of water at constant density JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS Lindenberg, A. M., Acremann, Y., Lowney, D. P., Heimann, P. A., Allison, T. K., Matthews, T., Falcone, R. W. 2005; 122 (20)

    Abstract

    Dynamical changes in the structure factor of liquid water, S(Q,t), are measured using time-resolved x-ray diffraction techniques with 100 ps resolution. On short time scales following femtosecond optical excitation, we observe temperature-induced changes associated with rearrangements of the hydrogen-bonded structure at constant volume, before the system has had time to expand. We invert this data to extract transient changes in the pair correlation function associated with isochoric heating effects, and interpret these in terms of a decrease in the local tetrahedral ordering.

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.1906212

    View details for Web of Science ID 000229544500046

    View details for PubMedID 15945752

  • Atomic-scale visualization of inertial dynamics SCIENCE Lindenberg, A. M., Larsson, J., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Gaffney, K. J., Blome, C., Synnergren, O., Sheppard, J., Caleman, C., MacPhee, A. G., Weinstein, D., Lowney, D. P., Allison, T. K., Matthews, T., Falcone, R. W., Cavalieri, A. L., Fritz, D. M., Lee, S. H., Bucksbaum, P. H., Reis, D. A., Rudati, J., Fuoss, P. H., Kao, C. C., Siddons, D. P., Pahl, R., Als-Nielsen, J., Duesterer, S., Ischebeck, R., Schlarb, H., Schulte-Schrepping, H., Tschentscher, T., Schneider, J., von der Linde, D., Hignette, O., Sette, F., Chapman, H. N., Lee, R. W., Hansen, T. N., Techert, S., Wark, J. S., Bergh, M., Huldt, G., van der Spoel, D., Timneanu, N., Hajdu, J., Akre, R. A., Bong, E., Krejcik, P., ARTHUR, J., Brennan, S., Luening, K., Hastings, J. B. 2005; 308 (5720): 392-395

    Abstract

    The motion of atoms on interatomic potential energy surfaces is fundamental to the dynamics of liquids and solids. An accelerator-based source of femtosecond x-ray pulses allowed us to follow directly atomic displacements on an optically modified energy landscape, leading eventually to the transition from crystalline solid to disordered liquid. We show that, to first order in time, the dynamics are inertial, and we place constraints on the shape and curvature of the transition-state potential energy surface. Our measurements point toward analogies between this nonequilibrium phase transition and the short-time dynamics intrinsic to equilibrium liquids.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1107996

    View details for Web of Science ID 000228492000046

    View details for PubMedID 15831753

  • Clocking femtosecond x rays PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Cavalieri, A. L., Fritz, D. M., Lee, S. H., Bucksbaum, P. H., Reis, D. A., Rudati, J., Mills, D. M., Fuoss, P. H., Stephenson, G. B., Kao, C. C., Siddons, D. P., Lowney, D. P., MacPhee, A. G., Weinstein, D., Falcone, R. W., Pahl, R., Als-Nielsen, J., Blome, C., Dusterer, S., Ischebeck, R., Schlarb, H., Schulte-Schrepping, H., Tschentscher, T., Schneider, J., Hignette, O., Sette, F., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Chapman, H. N., Lee, R. W., Hansen, T. N., Synnergren, O., Larsson, J., Techert, S., Sheppard, J., Wark, J. S., Bergh, M., Caleman, C., Huldt, G., van der Spoel, D., Timneanu, N., Hajdu, J., Akre, R. A., Bong, E., Emma, P., Krejcik, P., ARTHUR, J., Brennan, S., Gaffney, K. J., Lindenberg, A. M., Luening, K., Hastings, J. B. 2005; 94 (11)

    Abstract

    Linear-accelerator-based sources will revolutionize ultrafast x-ray science due to their unprecedented brightness and short pulse duration. However, time-resolved studies at the resolution of the x-ray pulse duration are hampered by the inability to precisely synchronize an external laser to the accelerator. At the Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source at the Stanford Linear-Accelerator Center we solved this problem by measuring the arrival time of each high energy electron bunch with electro-optic sampling. This measurement indirectly determined the arrival time of each x-ray pulse relative to an external pump laser pulse with a time resolution of better than 60 fs rms.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.114801

    View details for Web of Science ID 000227923200034

    View details for PubMedID 15903864

  • Bonding in liquid carbon studied by time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Johnson, S. L., Heimann, P. A., MacPhee, A. G., Lindenberg, A. M., Monteiro, O. R., Chang, Z., Lee, R. W., Falcone, R. W. 2005; 94 (5)

    Abstract

    Even the most basic properties of liquid carbon have long been debated due to the challenge of studying the material at the required high temperature and pressure. Liquid carbon is volatile and thus inherently transient in an unconstrained environment. In this paper we use a new technique of picosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to study the bonding of liquid carbon at densities near that of the solid. As the density of the liquid increases, we see a change from predominantly sp-bonded atomic sites to a mixture of sp, sp2, and sp3 sites and compare these observations with molecular dynamics simulations.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.057407

    View details for Web of Science ID 000226941500085

    View details for PubMedID 15783698

  • Opportunities and challenges using short-pulse X-ray sources. 2nd International Conference on Photo-Induced Phase Transitions Larsson, J., Synnergren, O., Hansen, T. N., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Werin, S., Caleman, C., Hajdu, J., Shepherd, J., Wark, J. S., Lindenberg, A. M., Gaffney, K. J., Hastings, J. B. IOP PUBLISHING LTD. 2005: 87–94

    View details for DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/21/1/014

    View details for Web of Science ID 000233012100014

  • Bonding in liquid Carbon studied by time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. Johnson, S., L., Heimann, P., A., MacPhee, A., G., Lindenberg, A., M., Monteiro, O., R., Chang et al., Z. 2005; 94: 57407
  • Time-resolved X-ray diffraction study of the ferroelectric phase-transition in DKDP CHEMICAL PHYSICS Larsson, J., Sondhauss, P., Synnergren, O., Harbst, M., Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Wark, J. S. 2004; 299 (2-3): 157-161

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.11.019

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220525200002

  • A setup for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy Rev. Sci. Instr. Saes, M., Bressler, C., Mourik, F., van, Gawelda, W., Kaiser, M., Chergui et al., M. 2004; 75: 24
  • A setup for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Saes, M., Bressler, C., van Mourik, F., Gawelda, W., Kaiser, M., Chergui, M., Bressler, C., Grolimund, D., Abela, R., Glover, T. E., Heimann, P. A., Schoenlein, R. W., Johnson, S. L., Lindenberg, A. M., Falcone, R. W. 2004; 75 (1): 24-30

    View details for DOI 10.1063/1.1633003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000187536500003

  • Time-resolved x-ray diffraction study of the ferroelectric phase transition in DKDP Chem. Phys. Larsson, J., Sondhauss, P., Synnergren, O., Harbst, M., Heimann, P., A., Lindenberg et al., A., M. 2004; 299: 157
  • Transient strain driven by a dense electron-hole plasma PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS DeCamp, M. F., Reis, D. A., Cavalieri, A., Bucksbaum, P. H., Clarke, R., Merlin, R., Dufresne, E. M., Arms, D. A., Lindenberg, A. M., MacPhee, A. G., Chang, Z., Lings, B., Wark, J. S., Fahy, S. 2003; 91 (16)

    Abstract

    We measure transient strain in ultrafast laser-excited Ge by time-resolved x-ray anomalous transmission. The development of the coherent strain pulse is dominated by rapid ambipolar diffusion. This pulse extends considerably longer than the laser penetration depth because the plasma initially propagates faster than the acoustic modes. X-ray diffraction simulations are in agreement with the observed dynamics.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.165502

    View details for Web of Science ID 000186068300026

    View details for PubMedID 14611411

  • Properties of liquid silicon observed by time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Johnson, S. L., Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Jeschke, H. O., Garcia, M. E., Chang, Z., Lee, R. W., Rehr, J. J., Falcone, R. W. 2003; 91 (15)

    Abstract

    Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy at the Si L edges is used to probe the electronic structure of an amorphous Si foil as it melts following absorption of an ultrafast laser pulse. Picosecond temporal resolution allows observation of the transient liquid phase before vaporization and before the liquid breaks up into droplets. The melting causes changes in the spectrum that match predictions of molecular dynamics and ab initio x-ray absorption codes.

    View details for DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.157403

    View details for Web of Science ID 000185862500045

    View details for PubMedID 14611494

  • Properties of liquid Silicon observed by time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. Johnson, S., L., Heimann, P., A., Lindenberg, A., M., Heschke, H., O., Garcia, M., E., Chang, Z. 2003; 91: 157403
  • Properties of liquid silicon and carbon studied by ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy 13th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena Johnson, S. L., Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., MacPhee, A. G., Falcone, R. W., Jeschke, H. O., Garcia, M., Rehr, J. J., Lee, R. W., Chang, Z. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2003: 39–41

    View details for Web of Science ID 000182432900011

  • Transient strain driven by a dense, electron-hole plasma Phys. Rev. Lett. Lindenberg, A., M., DeCamp, M., F., Reis, D., A., Cavalieri, A., Bucksbaum, P., H., Clarke, R. 2003; 91: 165502
  • Picosecond X-ray diffraction studies of laser-excited acoustic phonons in InSb APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING Larsson, J., Allen, A., Bucksbaum, P. H., Falcone, R. W., Lindenberg, A., Naylor, G., Missalla, T., Reis, D. A., Scheidt, K., Sjogren, A., Sondhauss, P., WULFF, M., Wark, J. S. 2002; 75 (4): 467-478

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s003390201421

    View details for Web of Science ID 000176768300002

  • Coherent control of phonons probed by time-resolved x-ray diffraction OPTICS LETTERS Lindenberg, A. M., Kang, I., Johnson, S. L., Falcone, R. W., Heimann, P. A., Chang, Z., Lee, R. W., Wark, J. S. 2002; 27 (10): 869-871

    Abstract

    Time-resolved x-ray diffraction with picosecond temporal resolution is used to probe the product state of a coherent control experiment in which a single acoustic mode in a bulk semiconductor is driven to large amplitude or canceled out. It is demonstrated that by shaping ultrafast acoustic pulses one can coherently control the x-ray diffraction efficiency of a crystal on the time scale of a vibrational period, with application to coherent switching of x-ray beams.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000175786100025

    View details for PubMedID 18007955

  • Coherent control of phonons probed by picosecond time-resolved x-ray diffraction Opt. Lett. Lindenberg, A., M., Kang, I., Johnson, S., L., Falcone, R., W., Heimann, P., A., Chang, Z. 2002; 27: 869
  • Ultrafast X-ray diffraction of laser-irradiated crystals 7th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation (SRI 2000) Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Kang, I., JOHNSON, S., Missalla, T., Chang, Z., Falcone, R. W., Schoenlein, R. W., Glover, T. E., Padmore, H. A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2001: 986–989

    View details for Web of Science ID 000171012800037

  • Femtosecond X-ray diffraction: Experiments and limits Conference on X-Ray FEL Optics and Instrumentation Wark, J. S., Allen, A. M., Ansbro, P. C., Bucksbaum, P. H., Chang, Z., DeCamp, M., Falcone, R. W., Heimann, P. A., Johnson, S. L., Kang, I., Kapteyn, H. C., Larsson, J., Lee, R. W., Lindenberg, A. M., Merlin, R., Missalla, T., Naylor, G., Padmore, H. A., Reis, D. A., Scheidt, K., Sjoegren, A., Sondhauss, P. C., WULFF, M. SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 2001: 26–37

    View details for Web of Science ID 000168537600005

  • Time-resolved x-ray measurements of polaron dynamics of charge-ordered Nd1/2Sr1/2MnO3 12th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena Kang, I., JOHNSON, S., Lindenberg, A., Falcone, R., Missalla, T., Heimann, P., Kim, K. H., Katsufuji, T., Cheong, S. W. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2001: 287–289

    View details for Web of Science ID 000167460300083

  • Femtosecond x-ray diffraction: experiments and limits Wark, J., S., Allen, A., M., Ansbro et al., P., C. 2001
  • Ultrafast x-ray diffraction of laser-irradiated crystals Nucl. Inst. Meth. A Heimann, P., A., Lindenberg, A., M., Kang, I., Johnson, S., L., Missalla, T., Heimann, P., A. 2001: 467-468,986-989
  • Time-resolved X-ray diffraction from coherent phonons during a laser-induced phase transition PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Lindenberg, A. M., Kang, I., Johnson, S. L., Missalla, T., Heimann, P. A., Chang, Z., Larsson, J., Bucksbaum, P. H., Kapteyn, H. C., Padmore, H. A., Lee, R. W., Wark, J. S., Falcone, R. W. 2000; 84 (1): 111-114

    View details for Web of Science ID 000084587900028

  • Time-resolved x-ray diffraction from coherent phonons during a laser-induced phase transition Phys. Rev. Lett. Lindenberg, A., M., Kang, I., Johnson, S., L., Missalla, T., Heimann, P., A., Chang et al., Z. 2000; 84: 111
  • Time-resolved x-ray photoabsorption and diffraction on timescales from ns to fs 11th US National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Heimann, P. A., Missalla, T., Lindenberg, A., Kang, I., JOHNSON, S., Chang, Z., Kapteyn, H. C., Lee, R. W., Falcone, R. W., Schoenlein, R. W., Glover, T. E., Zholents, A. A., Zolotorev, M. S., Padmore, H. A. AMER INST PHYSICS. 2000: 156–160

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088762600029

  • Time-resolved x-ray photoabsorption and diffraction on timescales from ns to fs 18th International Conference on X-ray and Inner-Shell Processes Heimann, P. A., Missalla, T., Lindenberg, A., Kang, I., JOHNSON, S., Chang, Z., Kapteyn, H. C., Lee, R. W., Falcone, R. W., Schoenlein, R. W., Glover, T. E., Zholents, A. A., Zolotorev, M. S., Padmore, H. A. AMER INST PHYSICS. 2000: 664–668

    View details for Web of Science ID 000086079900052

  • Ultrafast Lattice Dynamics Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, and Ultrafast Phenomena with X-rays Lindenberg, A., M. edited by Adams, B., W. Kluwer. 2000
  • Ultrafast structural changes measured by time-resolved X-ray diffraction APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING Larsson, J., Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Schuck, P. J., Bucksbaum, P. H., Lee, R. W., Padmore, H. A., Wark, J. S., Falcone, R. W. 1998; 66 (6): 587-591

    View details for Web of Science ID 000073953200001

  • Ultra-fast time-resolved x-ray diffraction detected by an averaging mode streak camera 7th Optical-Society-of-America Conference on Applications of High Fields and Short Wavelength Sources Larsson, J., Chang, Z. H., Judd, E., Heimann, P. A., Lindenberg, A. M., Kapteyn, H. C., Murnane, M. M., Lee, R. W., Machachek, A., Wark, J. S., Padmore, H. A., Falcone, R. W. PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP. 1998: 267–270

    View details for Web of Science ID 000076265900042

  • Ultrafast structural changes measured by time-resolved x-ray diffraction Appl. Phys. A Larsson, J., Heimann, P., A., Lindenberg, A., M., Schuck, P., J., Bucksbaum, P., H., Lee, R., W. 1998; 66: 587
  • Melting of a semiconductor crystal (InSb) with a short laser pulse (100 fs) 4th High Heat Flux Engineering Conference, as part of the SPIE International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation Heimann, P. A., Larsson, J., Lindenberg, A., Schuck, P. J., Judd, E., Bucksbaum, P. H., Lee, R. W., Padmore, H. A., Wark, J. S., Falcone, R. W. SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 1997: 102–106

    View details for Web of Science ID 000071550400009