Paris Agreement

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Paris Agreement
Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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  Parties
  Signatories
  Parties also covered by European Union ratification
  Signatories also covered by European Union ratification
Drafted 30 November – 12 December 2015
Signed 22 April 2016
Location New York
Sealed 12 December 2015
Effective 4 November 2016[1][2]
Condition Ratification/Accession by 55 UNFCCC Parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions
Signatories 193[1]
Parties 97[1]
Depositary Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Paris Agreement at Wikisource

The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris) is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015.[3][4] It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) in a ceremony in New York City.[5] As of November 2016, 193 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty, 97 of which have ratified it. After the European Union ratified the agreement in October 2016, there were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the world's greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force.[6] The agreement went into effect on 4 November 2016.[2]

The head of the Paris Conference, France's foreign minister Laurent Fabius, said this "ambitious and balanced" plan is a "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing global warming.[7]

Content[edit]

Aim[edit]

The aim of the convention is described in Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through:[8]

"(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
(b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production;
(c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development."

Countries furthermore aim to reach "global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible". The agreement has been described as an incentive for and driver of fossil fuel divestment.[9][10]

The Paris deal is the world’s first comprehensive climate agreement.[11]

Nationally determined contributions and their limits[edit]

The contribution that each individual country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by all countries individually and called "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs).[12] Article 3 requires them to be "ambitious", "represent a progression over time" and set "with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement". The contributions should be reported every five years and are to be registered by the UNFCCC Secretariat.[13] Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, known as the principle of 'progression'.[14] Countries can cooperate and pool their nationally determined contributions. The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions pledged during the 2015 Climate Change Conference serve—unless provided otherwise—as the initial Nationally determined contribution.

The level of NDCs set by each country[15] will set that country's targets. However the 'contributions' themselves are not binding as a matter of international law, as they lack the specificity, normative character, or obligatory language necessary to create binding norms.[16] Furthermore, there will be no mechanism to force[17] a country to set a target in their NDC by a specific date and no enforcement if a set target in an NDC is not met.[15][18] There will be only a "name and shame" system[19] or as János Pásztor, the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News (US), a "name and encourage" plan.[20] As the agreement provides no consequences if countries do not meet their commitments, consensus of this kind is fragile. A trickle of nations exiting the agreement may trigger the withdrawal of more governments, bringing about a total collapse of the agreement.[21]

The negotiators of the Agreement however stated that the NDCs and the 2 °C reduction target were insufficient, instead, a 1.5 °C target is required, noting "with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2 ̊C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030", and recognizing furthermore "that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ̊C by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ̊C".[22]

Although not the sustained temperatures over the long term to which the Agreement addresses, in the first half of 2016 average temperatures were about 1.3 °C (2.3 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average in 1880, when global record-keeping began.[23]

When the agreement achieved enough signatures to cross the threshold on October 5, 2016, US President Barack Obama claimed that "Even if we meet every target, we will only get to part of where we need to go," and that "This agreement will help delay or avoid some of the worse consequences of climate change will help other nations ratchet down their emissions over time."[24]

Global stocktake[edit]

The implementation of the agreement by all member countries together will be evaluated every 5 years, with the first evaluation in 2023. The outcome is to be used as input for new nationally determined contributions of member states.[25] The stocktake will not be of contributions/achievements of individual countries but a collective analysis of what has been achieved and what more needs to be done.

Structure[edit]

The Paris Agreement has a 'bottom up' structure in contrast to most international environmental law treaties which are 'top down', characterised by standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement.[26]

Adoption[edit]

Negotiations[edit]

Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, legal instruments may be adopted to reach the goals of the convention. For the period from 2008 to 2012, greenhouse gas reduction measures were agreed in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The scope of the protocol was extended until 2020 with the Doha Amendment to that protocol in 2012.[27]

During the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference, the Durban Platform (and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action) was established with the aim to negotiate a legal instrument governing climate change mitigation measures from 2020. The resulting agreement was to be adopted in 2015.[28]

Adoption[edit]

Heads of delegations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.
Main article: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

At the conclusion of COP 21, on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union[3] to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. In the 12 page Agreement,[29] the members promised to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C" [3.6 degrees F].[30]

Signature and entry into force[edit]

Signing by John Kerry in United Nations General Assembly Hall for the United States

The Paris Agreement is open for signature by States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.[31]

The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015)[32] ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.[33][34] On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.[35][36] 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the treaty on the first date it was open for signature.[5][37] On the same day, more than 20 countries issued a statement of their intent to join as soon as possible with a view to joining in 2016. With ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect as of 4 November 2016.

European Union and its member states[edit]

Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states deposit their instruments of ratification at the same time to ensure that neither the EU nor its member states engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,[38] and there were fears that disagreement over each individual member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's vote to leave the EU might delay the Paris pact.[39] However, the European Parliament approved ratification of the Paris Agreement on 4 October 2016,[6] and the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with several individual EU member states.[39]

Parties and signatories[edit]

As of November 2016, 192 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement. 97 of those parties have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, most notably China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the largest greenhouse gas emissions of the signatories' total (about 42% together).[1][40][41]

Party or signatory[1] Percentage of greenhouse
gases for ratification[32]		 Date of signature Date of deposit of instruments
of ratification or accession		 Date when agreement
enters into force
 Afghanistan 0.05% 22 April 2016
 Albania 0.02% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Algeria 0.30% 22 April 2016 20 October 2016 19 November 2016
 Andorra 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Angola 0.17% 22 April 2016
 Antigua and Barbuda 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Argentina 0.89% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Armenia 0.02% 20 September 2016
 Australia 1.46% 22 April 2016
 Austria 0.21% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Azerbaijan 0.13% 22 April 2016
 Bahamas, The 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 August 2016 4 November 2016
 Bahrain 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Bangladesh 0.27% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Barbados 0.01% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Belarus 0.24% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Belgium 0.32% 22 April 2016
 Belize 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Benin 0.02% 22 April 2016 31 October 2016 30 November 2016
 Bhutan 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Bolivia 0.12% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.08% 22 April 2016
 Botswana 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Brazil 2.48% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Brunei —[a] 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Bulgaria 0.15% 22 April 2016
 Burkina Faso 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Burundi 0.07% 22 April 2016
 Cambodia 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Cameroon 0.45% 22 April 2016 29 July 2016 4 November 2016
 Canada 1.95% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Cape Verde 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Central African Republic 0.01% 22 April 2016 11 October 2016 10 November 2016
 Chad 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Chile[42] 0.25% 20 September 2016
 China 20.09% 22 April 2016 3 September 2016[40][43] 4 November 2016
 Colombia 0.41% 22 April 2016
 Comoros 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Congo, Republic of the 0.01% 22 April 2016
 Cook Islands 0.00% 24 June 2016 1 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Costa Rica 0.03% 22 April 2016 13 October 2016 12 November 2016
 Côte d'Ivoire 0.73% 22 April 2016 25 October 2016 24 November 2016
 Croatia 0.07% 22 April 2016
 Cuba 0.10% 22 April 2016
 Cyprus 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Czech Republic 0.34% 22 April 2016
 Denmark[44] 0.15% 22 April 2016 1 November 2016 1 December 2016
 Djibouti 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Dominica 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Dominican Republic 0.07% 22 April 2016
 East Timor 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Ecuador 0.67% 26 July 2016
 Egypt 0.52% 22 April 2016
 El Salvador 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Equatorial Guinea —[a] 22 April 2016
 Eritrea 0.01% 22 April 2016
 Estonia 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Ethiopia 0.13% 22 April 2016
 European Union —[b] 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Fiji 0.01% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Finland 0.17% 22 April 2016
 France 1.34% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Gabon 0.02% 22 April 2016 2 November 2016 2 December 2016
 Gambia, The 0.05% 26 April 2016
 Georgia 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Germany 2.56% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Ghana 0.09% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Greece 0.28% 22 April 2016 14 October 2016 13 November 2016
 Grenada 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Guatemala 0.04% 22 April 2016
 Guinea 0.01% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Guinea-Bissau 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Guyana 0.01% 22 April 2016 20 May 2016 4 November 2016
 Haiti 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Honduras 0.03% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Hungary 0.15% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Iceland 0.01% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 India 4.10% 22 April 2016 2 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Indonesia 1.49% 22 April 2016 31 October 2016 30 November 2016
 Iran 1.30% 22 April 2016
 Ireland 0.16% 22 April 2016
 Israel 0.20% 22 April 2016
 Italy 1.18% 22 April 2016
 Jamaica 0.04% 22 April 2016
 Japan 3.79% 22 April 2016
 Jordan 0.07% 22 April 2016
 Kazakhstan 0.84% 2 August 2016
 Kenya 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Kiribati 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Korea, North 0.23% 22 April 2016 1 August 2016 4 November 2016
 Korea, South 1.85% 22 April 2016 3 November 2016 3 December 2016
 Kuwait 0.09% 22 April 2016
 Kyrgyzstan 0.03% 21 September 2016
 Laos 0.02% 22 April 2016 7 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Latvia 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Lebanon 0.07% 22 April 2016
 Lesotho 0.01% 22 April 2016
 Liberia 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Libya —[a] 22 April 2016
 Liechtenstein 0.00% 22 April 2016
 Lithuania 0.05% 22 April 2016
 Luxembourg 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Macedonia, Republic of 0.03% 22 April 2016
 Madagascar 0.08% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Malawi 0.07% 20 September 2016
 Malaysia 0.52% 22 April 2016
 Maldives 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Mali 0.03% 22 April 2016 23 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Malta 0.01% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Marshall Islands 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Mauritania 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Mauritius 0.01% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Mexico 1.70% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Micronesia 0.00% 22 April 2016 15 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Moldova 0.04% 21 September 2016
 Monaco 0.00% 22 April 2016 24 October 2016 23 November 2016
 Mongolia 0.05% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Montenegro 0.01% 22 April 2016
 Morocco 0.16% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Mozambique 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Myanmar 0.10% 22 April 2016
 Namibia 0.01% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Nauru 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
   Nepal 0.07% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Netherlands 0.53% 22 April 2016
 New Zealand[45] 0.22% 22 April 2016 4 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Niger 0.04% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Nigeria 0.57% 22 September 2016
 Niue 0.01% 28 October 2016 28 October 2016 27 November 2016
 Norway 0.14% 22 April 2016 20 June 2016 4 November 2016
 Oman 0.06% 22 April 2016
 Pakistan 0.43% 22 April 2016
 Palau 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Palestine —[c] 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Panama 0.03% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Papua New Guinea 0.01% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Paraguay 0.06% 22 April 2016 14 October 2016 13 November 2016
 Peru 0.22% 22 April 2016 25 July 2016 4 November 2016
 Philippines 0.34% 22 April 2016
 Poland 1.06% 22 April 2016 7 October 2016 6 November 2016
 Portugal 0.18% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Qatar 0.17% 22 April 2016
 Romania 0.30% 22 April 2016
 Russia 7.53% 22 April 2016
 Rwanda 0.02% 22 April 2016 6 October 2016 5 November 2016
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Saint Lucia 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.00% 22 April 2016 29 June 2016 4 November 2016
 Samoa 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 San Marino 0.00% 22 April 2016
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.00% 22 April 2016 2 November 2016 2 December 2016
 Saudi Arabia 0.80% 3 November 2016 3 November 2016 3 December 2016
 Senegal 0.05% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Serbia 0.18% 22 April 2016
 Seychelles 0.00% 25 April 2016 29 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Sierra Leone 0.98%† 22 September 2016 1 November 2016 1 December 2016
 Singapore 0.13% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Slovakia 0.12% 22 April 2016 5 October 2016 4 November 2016
 Slovenia 0.05% 22 April 2016
 Solomon Islands 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Somalia —[a] 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 South Africa 1.46% 22 April 2016 1 November 2016 1 December 2016
 South Sudan —[a] 22 April 2016
 Spain 0.87% 22 April 2016
 Sri Lanka 0.05% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Sudan 0.18% 22 April 2016
 Suriname 0.01% 22 April 2016
 Swaziland 0.05% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Sweden 0.15% 22 April 2016 13 October 2016 12 November 2016
  Switzerland 0.14% 22 April 2016
 Tajikistan 0.02% 22 April 2016
 Tanzania 0.11% 22 April 2016
 Thailand 0.64% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Togo 0.02% 19 September 2016
 Tonga 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Trinidad and Tobago 0.04% 22 April 2016
 Tunisia 0.11% 22 April 2016
 Turkey 1.24% 22 April 2016
 Turkmenistan 0.20% 23 September 2016 20 October 2016 19 November 2016
 Tuvalu 0.00% 22 April 2016 22 April 2016 4 November 2016
 Uganda 0.07% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Ukraine 1.04% 22 April 2016 19 September 2016 4 November 2016
 United Arab Emirates 0.53% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 United Kingdom 1.55% 22 April 2016
 United States 17.89% 22 April 2016 3 September 2016[40] 4 November 2016
 Uruguay 0.05% 22 April 2016 19 October 2016 18 November 2016
 Vanuatu 0.00% 22 April 2016 21 September 2016 4 November 2016
 Venezuela 0.52% 22 April 2016
 Vietnam 0.72% 22 April 2016 3 November 2016 3 December 2016
 Yemen 0.07% 23 September 2016
 Zambia 0.04% 20 September 2016
 Zimbabwe 0.18% 22 April 2016
Total 99.00% 193 97[1] (69.21% of global emissions[32]).

† Though corresponding with the source the provided number for Sierra Leone's emissions is incorrect. According to World Bank data, the correct 2000 emissions for Sierra Leone is 14,763 kt CO2-equivalents (not 365,107 kt), or 0.04% of the world total (not 0.98%).[47]

Non-signatories

The following UNFCCC member states are entitled to sign the Paris Agreement but have not done so.

Green Climate Fund[edit]

Not part of the Paris Agreement (and not legally binding)[48] is a plan to provide US$100 billion a year in aid to developing countries for implementing new procedures to minimize climate change with additional amounts to be provided in subsequent years.[49]

In early March 2016, the Obama administration gave a $500 million grant to the "Green Climate Fund" as "the first chunk of a $3 billion commitment made at the Paris climate talks."[50][51]

Critical reception[edit]

UNEP[edit]

According to UNEP the emission cut targets in November 2016 will result in temperature rise by 3C above pre-industrial levels, far above the the 2C of the Paris climate agreement. Agreement came into force in November 2016.[52]

Perfectible accord?[edit]

Al Gore stated that "no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."[53]

According to a study published in Nature on June 2016, current country pledges are too low to lead to a temperature rise below the Paris Agreement temperature limit of "well below 2 °C".[54][55]

Lack of binding enforcement mechanism[edit]

Although the agreement was lauded by many, including French President Francois Hollande and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon,[34] criticism has also surfaced. For example, James Hansen, a former NASA scientist and a climate change expert, voiced anger about the fact that most of the agreement consists of "promises" or aims and not firm commitments.[56]

Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council (WPC) have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Brazil, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour. A shining example of what Roman lawyers called circular logic: an agreement (or argument) presupposing in advance what it wants to achieve."[57]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Emissions of parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emissions inventory at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement were not included in the figure for entry into force of the Agreement.[32]
  2. ^ The emissions of the European Union are accounted for in the total of its individual member states.
  3. ^ Emissions of states that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement,[46] which were thus not permitted to sign the Agreement, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Agreement.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Paris Agreement". United Nations Treaty Collection. 8 July 2016. 
  2. ^ a b "Paris Climate Agreement Becomes International Law". ABC News. 
  3. ^ a b Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (12 December 2015). "Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris". CNN. Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  4. ^ "Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21". ABC Australia. 12 December 2015. 
  5. ^ a b "'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord". United Nations. 22 April 2016. 
  6. ^ a b "Paris Agreement to enter into force as EU agrees ratification". European Commission. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. 
  7. ^ Doyle, Allister; Lewis, Barbara (12 December 2015). "World seals landmark climate accord, marking turn from fossil fuels". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  8. ^ "Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1" (PDF). UNFCCC secretariat. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  9. ^ Vidal, John; Vaughan, Adam (13 December 2015). "Paris climate agreement 'may signal end of fossil fuel era'". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2016. 
  10. ^ "New Paris climate agreement ratifications reaffirm necessity to divest and break free from fossil fuels". 350.org. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016. 
  11. ^ "U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions". Cbs news. September 3, 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016. 
  12. ^ Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015)
  13. ^ Article 4(9), Paris Agreement (2015)
  14. ^ Articles 3, 9(3), Paris Agreement (2015)
  15. ^ a b Mark, Kinver (14 December 2015). "COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  16. ^ Brunnee J, ‘International Legislation’, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 2008)
  17. ^ Reguly, Eric (14 December 2015). "Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  18. ^ Davenport, Coral (12 December 2015). "Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  19. ^ "Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world". Hindustan Times. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  20. ^ "Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming". CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  21. ^ Druzin, Bryan (March 3, 2016). "A Plan to strengthen the Paris Agreement". Fordham Law Review. 
  22. ^ "Paris Agreement, Decision 1/CP.21, Article 17" (PDF). UNFCCC secretariat. Retrieved 6 April 2016. 
  23. ^ Fountain, Henry. "Global Temperatures Are on Course for Another Record This Year". The New York Times (July 19, 2016). Retrieved 25 July 2016. 
  24. ^ "A sweeping global climate change agreement was ratified on Wednesday". 
  25. ^ article 14 "Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations FCCC Int. United Nations. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  26. ^ Birnie P, Boyle A and Redgwell C (2009). International Law and the Environment. Oxford: OUP. pp. Chapter 3. 
  27. ^ "UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation". BBC News. 8 December 2012. 
  28. ^ "UNFCCC:Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP)". Retrieved 2 August 2015. 
  29. ^ "Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations FCCC Int. United Nations. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  30. ^ "'Historic' Paris climate deal adopted". CBC News. CBC/Radio Canada. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015. 
  31. ^ Article 20(1)
  32. ^ a b c d "Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)" (PDF). UNFCCC. Retrieved 23 April 2016. 
  33. ^ Article 21(1)
  34. ^ a b "Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change - 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius". UN Climate Change Newsroom. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  35. ^ McGrath, Matt (2016-03-31). "Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2016-04-23. 
  36. ^ Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly April 1, 2016
  37. ^ "PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony" (PDF). UNFCCC. 22 April 2016. 
  38. ^ Yeo, Sophie (23 June 2016). "Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?". Retrieved 3 September 2016. 
  39. ^ a b "Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord". Nature. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. 
  40. ^ a b c "Paris climate deal: US and China formally join pact", BBC News, 3 September 2016 (page visited on 4 September 2016).
  41. ^ "India Ratifies Landmark Paris Climate Deal, Says, 'Kept Our Promise'". Retrieved 2016-10-02. 
  42. ^ "Chile firmará acuerdo climático en septiembre y será uno de los 57 países que lo ratificarían este año". 
  43. ^ China has declared that the agreement shall extend to Hong Kong and Macao.
  44. ^ Excluding Greenland: [1]
  45. ^ Excluding Tokelau: [2]
  46. ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-24. 
  47. ^ "Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)". World Bank. Retrieved 10 October 2016. 
  48. ^ Davenport, Coral (12 December 2015). "Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  49. ^ "COP21 climate change summit reaches deal in Paris". BBC News. BBC News Services. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  50. ^ Suzanne Goldenberg. "Obama administration pays out $500m to climate change project | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-04-23. 
  51. ^ Volcovici, Valerie (2016-03-07). "United States delivers first payment to global climate fund". Reuters. Retrieved 2016-04-23. 
  52. ^ World on track for 3C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN The Guardian 3.11.2016
  53. ^ John Vidal (13 December 2015). "Paris Climate Agreement 'May Signal End of Fossil Fuel Era'". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 December 2015. 
  54. ^ Rogelj, Joeri; et al. (2016). "Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2C". Nature. 534 (7609): 631–639. doi:10.1038/nature18307. 
  55. ^ Mooney, Chris (29 June 2016). "The world has the right climate goals — but the wrong ambition levels to achieve them". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 June 2016. 
  56. ^ Milman, Oliver (12 December 2015). "James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud'". The Guardian. London, England. Retrieved 14 December 2015. 
  57. ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli (25 January 2016). "Investment Governance: The Real Fight against Emissions is Being Waged by Markets". Dow Jones Financial News. 

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Agreement&oldid=747817983"