Since 2004, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) and Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute (HSSAI) have led a series of facilitated discussions – called Project Responder – with first responders throughout the United States to identify existing response capability gaps. Discussions included more than 300 leaders and responders from many jurisdictions throughout law enforcement, emergency medical services, emergency management, the fire service and other related response agencies and disciplines.