Africa :: GHANA

  • Introduction :: GHANA

  • Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS won the 2008 presidential election and took over as head of state, but he died in July 2012 and was constitutionally succeeded by his vice president, John Dramani MAHAMA, who subsequently won the December 2012 presidential election.

  • Geography :: GHANA

  • Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo
    8 00 N, 2 00 W
    Africa
    total: 238,533 sq km
    land: 227,533 sq km
    water: 11,000 sq km
    country comparison to the world: 82
    slightly smaller than Oregon
    total: 2,420 km
    border countries (3): Burkina Faso 602 km, Cote d'Ivoire 720 km, Togo 1,098 km
    539 km
    territorial sea: 12 nm
    contiguous zone: 24 nm
    exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
    continental shelf: 200 nm
    tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
    mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
    mean elevation: 190 m
    elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
    highest point: Mount Afadjato 885 m
    gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone
    agricultural land: 69.1%
    arable land 20.7%; permanent crops 11.9%; permanent pasture 36.5%
    forest: 21.2%
    other: 9.7% (2011 est.)
    340 sq km (2012)
    dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts
    recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
    party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
    signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
    Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers

  • People and Society :: GHANA

  • 26,908,262
    note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 49
    noun: Ghanaian(s)
    adjective: Ghanaian
    Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande 1.1%, other 1.4% (2010 est.)
    Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2%
    note: English is the official language (2010 est.)
    Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 est.)
    Ghana has a young age structure, with approximately 57% of the population under the age of 25. Its total fertility rate fell significantly during the 1980s and 1990s but has stalled at around four children per woman for the last few years. Fertility remains higher in the northern region than the Greater Accra region. On average, desired fertility has remained stable for several years; urban dwellers want fewer children than rural residents. Increased life expectancy, due to better health care, nutrition, and hygiene, and reduced fertility have increased Ghana’s share of elderly persons; Ghana’s proportion of persons aged 60+ is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty has declined in Ghana, but it remains pervasive in the northern region, which is susceptible to droughts and floods and has less access to transportation infrastructure, markets, fertile farming land, and industrial centers. The northern region also has lower school enrollment, higher illiteracy, and fewer opportunities for women.
    Ghana was a country of immigration in the early years after its 1957 independence, attracting labor migrants largely from Nigeria and other neighboring countries to mine minerals and harvest cocoa – immigrants composed about 12% of Ghana’s population in 1960. In the late 1960s, worsening economic and social conditions discouraged immigration, and hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mostly Nigerians, were expelled.
    During the 1970s, severe drought and an economic downturn transformed Ghana into a country of emigration; neighboring Cote d’Ivoire was the initial destination. Later, hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians migrated to Nigeria to work in its booming oil industry, but most were deported in 1983 and 1985 as oil prices plummeted. Many Ghanaians then turned to more distant destinations, including other parts of Africa, Europe, and North America, but the majority continued to migrate within West Africa. Since the 1990s, increased emigration of skilled Ghanaians, especially to the US and the UK, drained the country of its health care and education professionals. Internally, poverty and other developmental disparities continue to drive Ghanaians from the north to the south, particularly to its urban centers.
    0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,164,505/female 5,113,185)
    15-24 years: 18.66% (male 2,498,185/female 2,522,353)
    25-54 years: 34.05% (male 4,445,321/female 4,716,311)
    55-64 years: 4.91% (male 642,984/female 678,784)
    65 years and over: 4.19% (male 520,589/female 606,045) (2016 est.)
    total dependency ratio: 73%
    youth dependency ratio: 67.2%
    elderly dependency ratio: 5.9%
    potential support ratio: 17% (2015 est.)
    total: 21 years
    male: 20.5 years
    female: 21.5 years (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 184
    2.18% (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 40
    30.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 38
    7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 133
    -1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 161
    urban population: 54% of total population (2015)
    rate of urbanization: 3.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
    Kumasi 2.599 million; ACCRA (capital) 2.277 million (2015)
    at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
    0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
    15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
    25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
    55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
    65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
    total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
    22.6
    note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2014 est.)
    319 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 32
    total: 36.3 deaths/1,000 live births
    male: 40.2 deaths/1,000 live births
    female: 32.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 56
    total population: 66.6 years
    male: 64.1 years
    female: 69.1 years (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 172
    4.03 children born/woman (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 37
    19.5% (2013)
    3.6% of GDP (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 133
    0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
    0.9 beds/1,000 population (2011)
    improved:
    urban: 92.6% of population
    rural: 84% of population
    total: 88.7% of population
    unimproved:
    urban: 7.4% of population
    rural: 16% of population
    total: 11.3% of population (2015 est.)
    improved:
    urban: 20.2% of population
    rural: 8.6% of population
    total: 14.9% of population
    unimproved:
    urban: 79.8% of population
    rural: 91.4% of population
    total: 85.1% of population (2015 est.)
    1.61% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 34
    274,600 (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 23
    12,600 (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 26
    degree of risk: very high
    food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
    vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever
    water contact disease: schistosomiasis
    respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
    animal contact disease: rabies (2016)
    10.9% (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 140
    11% (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 55
    6.2% of GDP (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 13
    definition: age 15 and over can read and write
    total population: 76.6%
    male: 82%
    female: 71.4% (2015 est.)
    total: 11 years
    male: 12 years
    female: 11 years (2014)
    total number: 1,806,750
    percentage: 34% (2006 est.)
    total: 11.2%
    male: 10.2%
    female: 12% (2010 est.)

  • Government :: GHANA

  • conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
    conventional short form: Ghana
    former: Gold Coast
    etymology: named for the medieval West African kingdom of the same name, but whose location was actually further north than the modern country
    presidential republic
    name: Accra
    geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W
    time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
    10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
    6 March 1957 (from the UK)
    Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
    several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993; amended 1996 (2016)
    mixed system of English common law and customary law
    has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
    citizenship by birth: no
    citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Ghana
    dual citizenship recognized: yes
    residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
    18 years of age; universal
    chief of state: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government
    head of government: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (NPP) (since 7 January 2017)
    cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament
    elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)
    election results: Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO elected president; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 54.1%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 44.0%, other 1.8%; note - results after 267 of 275 constituencies declared
    description: unicameral Parliament (275 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
    elections: last held on 7 December 2016 (next to be held in December 2020)
    election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDC 148, NPP 123, PNC 1, independent 3
    highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 12 justices)
    judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70
    subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals
    Convention People's Party or CPP [Samia NKRUMAH]
    National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]
    New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana AFUKO-ADDO]
    People's National Convention or PNC [Hassan AYARIGA]
    note: listed are four of the more popular political parties as of December 2012; there are more than 20 registered parties
    Christian Aid (water rights)
    Committee for Joint Action or CJA (social and economic issues)
    National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights)
    Oxfam (water rights)
    Public Citizen (water rights)
    Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform)
    Third World Network (social and economic issues)
    ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
    chief of mission: Ambassador Lt. Gen. Joseph Henry SMITH (since September 2014)
    chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
    telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520
    FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527
    consulate(s) general: New York
    chief of mission: Ambassador Robert P. JACKSON (since 4 February 2016)
    embassy: 24 Fourth Circular Rd., Cantonments, Accra
    mailing address: P.O. Box 194, Accra
    telephone: [233] 030-274-1000
    FAX: [233] 030-274-1389
    three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom
    note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
    black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black
    name: "God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"
    lyrics/music: unknown/Philip GBEHO
    note: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup

  • Economy :: GHANA

  • Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency. Ghana has a market-based economy with relatively few policy barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other countries in the region, and Ghana is well-endowed with natural resources.
    Agriculture accounts for nearly one-quarter of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for about half of GDP. Gold and cocoa exports, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. Expansion of Ghana’s nascent oil industry has boosted economic growth, but the recent oil price crash reduced by half Ghana’s 2015 oil revenue. Production at Jubilee, Ghana's offshore oilfield, began in mid-December 2010 and currently produces roughly 110,000 barrels per day. The country’s first gas processing plant at Atubao is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghana’s thermal power plants.
    As of 2015, the biggest single economic issue facing Ghana is the lack of consistent electricity. While the MAHAMA administration is taking steps to improve the situation, little progress has been made. Ghana signed a $920 million extended credit facility with the IMF in April 2015 to help it address its growing economic crisis. The IMF fiscal targets will require Ghana to reduce the fiscal deficit by cutting subsidies, decreasing the bloated public sector wage bill, strengthening revenue administration, and increasing revenues. The challenge for Ghana will come as the MAHAMA Administration approaches the November 2016 elections, facing public dissatisfaction in the midst of economic austerity.
    $120.8 billion (2016 est.)
    $116.9 billion (2015 est.)
    $112.5 billion (2014 est.)
    note: data are in 2016 dollars
    country comparison to the world: 82
    $42.76 billion (2015 est.)
    3.3% (2016 est.)
    3.9% (2015 est.)
    4% (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 84
    $4,400 (2016 est.)
    $4,300 (2015 est.)
    $4,300 (2014 est.)
    note: data are in 2016 dollars
    country comparison to the world: 174
    16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
    17.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
    17% of GDP (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 113
    household consumption: 66.6%
    government consumption: 19.6%
    investment in fixed capital: 24.5%
    investment in inventories: 0.8%
    exports of goods and services: 36.7%
    imports of goods and services: -48.2% (2016 est.)
    agriculture: 19.5%
    industry: 24%
    services: 56.4% (2016 est.)
    cocoa, rice, cassava (manioc, tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
    mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum
    -0.5% (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 176
    11.99 million (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 48
    agriculture: 44.7%
    industry: 14.4%
    services: 40.9% (2013 est.)
    5.2% (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 57
    24.2% (2013 est.)
    lowest 10%: 2%
    highest 10%: 32.8% (2006)
    42.3 (2012-13)
    41.9 (2005-06)
    country comparison to the world: 53
    revenues: $9.068 billion
    expenditures: $11.55 billion (2016 est.)
    21.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 141
    -5.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 174
    73.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
    71.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 40
    calendar year
    17.8% (2016 est.)
    17.2% (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 218
    21% (31 December 2014)
    16% (31 December 2013)
    country comparison to the world: 4
    31.8% (31 December 2016 est.)
    28.6% (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 6
    $5.914 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $5.736 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 95
    $13.02 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $12.42 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 102
    $13.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $12.93 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 98
    $3.465 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
    $3.097 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
    $3.531 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 92
    -$2.693 billion (2016 est.)
    -$2.836 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 156
    $10.25 billion (2016 est.)
    $10.36 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 87
    oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products
    India 25.2%, Switzerland 12.2%, China 10.6%, France 5.7% (2015)
    $13.73 billion (2016 est.)
    $13.47 billion (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 87
    capital equipment, refined petroleum, foodstuffs
    China 32.6%, Nigeria 14%, Netherlands 5.5%, US 5.4% (2015)
    $6.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $5.885 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 88
    $21.17 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
    $19.15 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 88
    $19.85 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
    $118 million (31 December 2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 77
    $16.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
    $109 million (31 December 2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 55
    cedis (GHC) per US dollar -
    3.992 (2016 est.)
    3.712 (2015 est.)
    3.712 (2014 est.)
    2.895 (2013 est.)
    1.8 (2012 est.)

  • Energy :: GHANA

  • 13 billion kWh (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 92
    9.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 99
    500 million kWh (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 71
    51 million kWh (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 105
    2.847 million kW (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 99
    45.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 156
    0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 150
    54.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 44
    0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 210
    102,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 43
    98,700 bbl/day (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 34
    26,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 63
    660 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)
    country comparison to the world: 45
    10,640 bbl/day (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 103
    83,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 86
    1,977 bbl/day (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 108
    72,850 bbl/day (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 67
    50 million cu m (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 83
    650 million cu m (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 93
    0 cu m (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 163
    600 million cu m (2014 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 63
    22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
    country comparison to the world: 74
    11 million Mt (2013 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 101

  • Communications :: GHANA

  • total subscriptions: 275,570
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (July 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 120
    total: 35.008 million
    subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 133 (July 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 42
    general assessment: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra
    domestic: competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 130 per 100 persons and rising
    international: country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, Main One, and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa, Europe, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaf (2015)
    state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscriptio (2007)
    .gh
    total: 6.181 million
    percent of population: 23.5% (July 2015 est.)
    country comparison to the world: 68

  • Transportation :: GHANA

  • number of registered air carriers: 4
    inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 8
    annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 390,457
    annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 844,630 mt-km (2015)
    9G (2016)
    10 (2013)
    country comparison to the world: 156
    total: 7
    over 3,047 m: 1
    2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
    1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
    914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
    total: 3
    914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
    gas 394 km; oil 20 km; refined products 361 km (2013)
    total: 947 km
    narrow gauge: 947 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)
    country comparison to the world: 92
    total: 109,515 km
    paved: 13,787 km
    unpaved: 95,728 km (2009)
    country comparison to the world: 45
    1,293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)
    country comparison to the world: 56
    total: 4
    by type: petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3
    foreign-owned: 2 (Brazil 1, South Korea 1) (2010)
    country comparison to the world: 133
    major seaport(s): Takoradi, Tema

  • Military and Security :: GHANA

  • Ghana Army, Ghana Navy, Ghana Air Force (2012)
    18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription; must be HIV/AIDS negative (2012)
    0.56% of GDP (2014)
    0.61% of GDP (2013)
    0.27% of GDP (2012)
    country comparison to the world: 125

  • Transnational Issues :: GHANA

  • disputed maritime border between Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire
    refugees (country of origin): 11,419 (Cote d'Ivoire; flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2016)
    current situation: Ghana is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the trafficking of Ghanians, particularly children, internally is more common than the trafficking of foreign nationals; Ghanian children are subjected to forced labor in fishing, domestic service, street hawking, begging, portering, mining, quarrying, herding, and agriculture, with girls, and to a lesser extent boys, forced into prostitution; Ghanian women, sometimes lured with legitimate job offers, and girls are sex trafficked in West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe; Ghanian men fraudulently recruited for work in the Middle East are subjected to forced labor or prostitution, and a few Ghanian adults have been identified as victims of false labor in the US; women and girls from Vietnam, China, and neighboring West African countries are sex trafficked in Ghana; the country is also a transit point for sex trafficking from West Africa to Europe
    tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Ghana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; Ghana continued to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses but was unable to ramp up its anti-trafficking efforts in 2014 because the government failed to provide law enforcement or protection agencies with operating budgets; victim protection efforts decreased in 2014, with significantly fewer victims identified; most child victims were referred to NGO-run facilities, but care for adults was lacking because the government did not provide any support to the country’s Human Trafficking Fund for victim services or its two shelters; anti-trafficking prevention measures increased modestly, including reconvening of the Human Trafficking Management Board, public awareness campaigns on child labor and trafficking, and anti-trafficking TV and radio programs (2015)
    illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money-laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and cannabis use