Sociocultural shaping of mind and self. Specifically, my work is concerned with how gender, ethnicity, religion, social class, cohort, or region or country of national origin may influence thought and feeling, particularly self-relevant thought and feeling. Recent studies of Japanese and American college students have focused on similarities and differences in the nature of self-concept and in the functioning of self-esteem. Related studies examine age and cohort variation in the form and functioning of the self in a large representative sample of American adults.