Catalysts are the unsung heroes of chemistry: Widely used in industry, they speed up chemical reactions used to make everything from fertilizers to fuels to consumer products, and they do this by making those reactions much more efficient. Many important reactions related to global issues, such as climate change and synthetic fuel production, take place on the surfaces of metal catalysts and involve carbon monoxide (CO) in their critical steps. Today we know very little about how these reactions proceed. But now, using X-ray laser beams from SLAC's Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), it is possible to watch this chemistry unfold on a timescale of millionths of a billionth of a second. We can see how the atoms rearrange, and how the catalyst's metal surface allows CO to deform as reacting molecules go through rapid-fire intermediate steps. This talk describes how we assemble a picture of these chemical reactions in motion. This detailed understanding will help us design more efficient catalysts to meet our energy needs.