Statistics, Data Management & Programming
Statistics Notes for Clinical Scenarios
Correlations
- Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations. Part 1: Correlation within subjects. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations. Part 2: Correlation between subjects. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- The intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomisation. Sally M Kerry & J Martin Bland
- clustering
Diagnostic significance
- Diagnostic tests. Part 1: sensitivity and specificity. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Diagnostic tests. Part 2: predictive values. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Diagnostic tests. Part 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Diagnostic tests. Part 4: likelihood ratios. JJ Deeks & Douglas G Altman
Measurement error
- Measurement error and correlation coefficients. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Measurement error proportional to the mean. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Measurement error. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Sample size in cluster randomisation. Sally M Kerry & J Martin Bland
- Standard deviations and standard errors. Altman DG, J Martin Bland
- Missing data. J Martin Bland, Douglas G Altman
Randomization
- Trials randomised in clusters. J Martin Bland & Sally M Kerry
- Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters. Sally M Kerry & J Martin Bland
- Treatment allocation in controlled trials: why randomise? Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- How to randomise. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Blinding in clinical trials and other studies. Simon J Day &Douglas G Altman
- Matching. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
Regression
- Some examples of regression towards the mean. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
Significance testing
- One and two sided tests of significance. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- The normal distribution. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Comparing several groups using analysis of variance. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. Andrew J Vickers & Douglas G Altman
- Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Interaction 1: heterogeneity of effects. Douglas G Altman & John NS Matthews
- Interaction 2: compare effect sizes not P values. John NS Matthews & Douglas G Altman
- Interaction 3: How to examine heterogeneity. John NS Matthews & Douglas G Altman
- Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- The logrank test. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
Summarization
- Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Presentation of numerical data. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Detecting skewness from summary information. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Generalisation and extrapolation. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
Survival analysis
- Time to event (survival) data. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Survival probabilities (the Kaplan-Meier method). J Martin Bland, & Douglas G Altman
- Detecting skewness from summary information. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Generalisation and extrapolation. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
Transformation
- Transforming data. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Transformations, means, and confidence intervals. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- The use of transformation when comparing two means. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
Understanding statistics
- Logarithms. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Cronbach's alpha. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Units of analysis. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Weighted comparison of means. Martin Bland & Sally M Kerry
- Bayesians and frequentists. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- The odds ratio. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland
- Treatment allocation by minimisation. Altman DG, Bland JM
- Concealing treatment allocation in randomized trials. Douglas G Altman & Kenneth F Schulz
What to Measure
- Validating scales and indexes. J Martin Bland & Douglas G Altman
- Variables and parameters. Douglas G Altman & J Martin Bland