United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
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The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, or UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption of Security Council Resolution 425 and 426 on March 19, 1978, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.[1] Beginning in 1985, Israel scaled back its permanent positions in Lebanon, although this process was punctuated by brief invasions and bombings, as in Operation Accountability in 1993 and Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996. In 1999, Israel undertook a withdrawal, which concluded in 2000 and enabled UNIFIL to resume its military tasks. The Lebanese government claims that the Shebaa farms area is Lebanese territory, although the UN considers it to be Syrian territory under Israeli military occupation. They contend that this dispute gives continued legal sanction to armed anti-Israeli groups in Lebanon (though the UN has officially certified that Israel has fully withdrawn from all areas it occupied after 1973).
UNIFIL's current mandate expires on August 31, 2010.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Lebanese civil war
Prior to the 1982 Lebanon War on 2 January 1982, in which two Ghanaian soldiers guarding a UNIFIL position were attacked by unidentified persons and one of the soldiers was shot and subsequently died.[3] During the 1982 Lebanon War, UN positions were overrun, primarily by the SLA forces under Saad Haddad. This was the Lebanese collaborator forces supported by the IDF.[4] The first UNIFIL troops were deployed in the area on March 23, 1978; these troops were reassigned from other UN peacekeeping operations in the area (namely the United Nations Emergency Force and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone).[1]
During the occupation, UNIFIL's function was mainly to provide humanitarian aid.[4]
[edit] Mandate
UNIFIL is tasked with achieving the following objectives:
- Confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces from southern Lebanon
- Restore international peace and security
- Assist the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area
Mandating resolutions by the United Nations:
- January 31, 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1655[5]
- July 31, 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1697[6]
- August 11, 2006: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701[7]
[edit] Post-2006 war operations
UNIFIL is currently deployed in Southern Lebanon (south of the Litani River) and primarily along the United Nations-drawn Blue Line, which is the border between Israel and Lebanon. The force's activities have centered around monitoring military activity between Hezbollah and the Israeli Defense Forces with the aim of reducing tensions and allaying tension along the border. UNIFIL has also played an important role in clearing landmines, assisting displaced persons and providing humanitarian assistance to civilians in the underdeveloped region of Southern Lebanon. Under UN Security Council Resolution 1701, which passed as a result of the 2006 Lebanon War, its mandate and rules of engagement changed. The mandate changed to allow up to 15,000 personnel in order to assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in deploying in Southern Lebanon to implement the Lebanese government's sovereignty. The rules of engagement changed to allow the troops to open fire in certain cases: mostly in cases of self-defense but also in order to protect civilians, UN personnel and facilities.[2] The new resolution states that UNIFIL can “take all the necessary action in areas of deployment of its forces, and as it deems with its capabilities, to ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of any kind.”[8] On August 27, 2006, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that UNIFIL would not intercept arms shipments from Syria, unless requested to do so by Lebanon.[9]
[edit] Maritime Task Force
After the 2006 Lebanon War, the UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (MTF) was established to assist the Lebanese Naval Forces in preventing the smuggling of illegal shipments in general and armament shipments in particular. With its establishment in October 2006, the force was led by the German Navy which was also the major contributor to the force.[10] The Germans lead the MTF up until February 29, 2008 when they passed control over to EUROMARFOR - a force made up of ships from Portugal, Spain, Italy and France (of which the latter three countries sent vessels to the force in Lebanon).[11][12] As of May 2008, the German Navy is still the biggest contributor to the UNIFIL MTF sending four vessels. These four vessels are complemented by two Italian, two Greek, one French, one Spanish, one Bulgarian and one Turkish vessel to comprise the 12-vessel UNIFIL Maritime Task Force.[12]
[edit] Personnel
As of April 30, 2008, UNIFIL employs 12,341 military personnel, supported by some 307 international civilian and 606 local civilian staff[13] and it is headed by Spanish Force Commander Major-General Alberto Asarta.[14]
To date UNIFIL has suffered 272 fatalities: 261 troops, two military observers, five international civilian staff, and four local staff.[14]
[edit] Debate over UNIFIL presence and neutrality
UNIFIL has fallen out of favour with both Israel and Hezbollah. Israel has criticized the force for, amongst other things, maintaining a dialogue with Hezbollah, which it views as a terrorist organization, for treating Israeli and Lebanese (and more specifically, Hezbollah) violations of security council resolution 1701 equally, while Israel views its violations of Lebanese airspace as less severe than Lebanese violations including crossings of the blue line and rocket launchings. UNIFIL was accused of complicity in the fatal abduction of IDF soldiers in October 2000, and Israel further blamed it for obstructing its investigation by denying the existence of and then once the existence was leaked, refusing to supply videos of the attack for several months.[15][16]
Prior to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict of July 2006, Israel had been lobbying for UNIFIL to either take a more active role vis-a-vis Hezbollah (for example, preventing Hezbollah from stationing near UNIFIL posts to fire at the IDF and into northern Israel) or to step out of the region (thereby voiding the Lebanese government’s excuse for not deploying Lebanese Armed Forces along the border).[17]
UNIFIL also came under criticism during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict for broadcasting detailed reports of Israeli troop movements, numbers, and positions on their website which "could have exposed Israeli soldiers to grave danger", while making no such reports about Hezbollah.[18]
Hezbollah supporters have accused UNIFIL of siding with Israel, especially since the passage of Resolution 1701 which they view as one-sided. On October 16, 2006 Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah declared that the UN force had “come to protect Israel, not Lebanon”.[citation needed]
[edit] Conflict in 2006
According to UNIFIL press releases, there have been dozens of such incidents of UN posts coming under fire during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[19] In his 21 July 2006 report about the UNIFIL activities 21 January-18 July 2006, the UN Secretary-General stated that "Some Hezbollah positions remained in close proximity to United Nations positions, especially in the Hula area, posing a significant security risk to United Nations personnel and equipment."[20]
[edit]
- On July 17, a UNIFIL international staff member and his wife were killed when Israeli aircraft bombed the Hosh District of Tyre, Lebanon.
- On July 23, Hezbollah fire wounded an Italian observer.
- On July 25, Hezbollah opened small arms fire at a UNIFIL convoy, forcing it to retreat.
- On July 25, four soldiers from the Ghanaian battalion were lightly injured after an Israeli tank shell hit a UNIFIL position during fighting in Southern Lebanon on 24 July 2006.[21]
- Shrapnel from tank shells fired by the IDF seriously wounded an Indian soldier on 16 July 2006[22]
- On 25 July 2006 four UNTSO observers from Austria, Canada, China and Finland were killed by Israeli strikes on an OGL patrol base near Khiam in southern Lebanon. According to the UN, the Israelis claimed to be responding to "Hezbollah fire from that vicinity" and the four had taken shelter in a bunker under the post. The area around the site was hit by a precision guided bomb from an Israeli jet and shelled a total of 14 times by Israeli artillery[23] throughout the day despite warning calls made by UN personnel to the IDF.[24] However, General Alain Pellegrini, then commander of UNIFIL, claims that he attempted to call Israeli officials "five or six times", but never got past their secretaries. Later, Israeli artillery shelling resumed as a rescue team tried to clear the rubble.[25]
- On 29 July, two Indian soldiers were wounded when their post was damaged during an Israeli airstrike in Southern Lebanon.
- On 6 August, a Hezbollah rocket hit the headquarters of the Chinese UNIFIL contingent, wounding three Chinese soldiers.
- On 12 August, a Ghanian soldier was wounded when Israeli artillery shelled the area near the village of Haris.
- On 14 August, Israeli aircraft fired two missiles onto a Palestinian faction in Saida, killing UN staff member Abdel Sagir.
[edit] Reinforcements
Wikinews has related news: France offers promised 2000 soldiers to the UN in Lebanon |
Following the cease-fire, the UNIFIL will receive vast reinforcement, up to 15 000 men, and heavy equipment. France is committed to increase her complement from 400 to 2,000 men and send Leclerc heavy tanks and AMX 30 AuF1 self-propelled artillery [26], in addition to the forces deployed in Opération Baliste. Italy will send 3,000 troops.[27]Qatar will send between 200 and 300 troops. [28]
A naval component of UNIFIL is being set up to assist the Lebanese Navy preventing arms proliferation to Hezbollah. This force is under the command of a German admiral with the majority of vessels being provided by the German Navy.
Indonesian contingent has received 12 VAB(Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) on February 17, 2007, as the part of the second wave of shipment from the agreement between the French and Indonesian governments. Amongst the equipments sent with the second wave of VABs are 10 tool boxes (pioneering equipment), 10 armored vehicle radio communications unit, HMG (Heavy Machine Gun) shooter shield, and 40 water jerrycans.[29]
[edit] Incidents involving Israeli planes
On the 3 October 2006, an Israeli fighter penetrated the 2-nautical-mile (3.7 km) defence perimeter of the French frigate Courbet, triggering a diplomatic incident. Israel apologised after official protests from the French government [30][31].
On 24 October, six Israeli F-16s flew over a German vessel patrolling off Israel's coast just south of the Lebanese border. The German Defence Ministry said that the planes had given off infrared decoys and one of the aircraft had fired two shots into the air, which had not been specifically aimed. The Israeli military said that a German helicopter took off from the vessel without having coordinated this with Israel, and denied vehemently having fired any shots at the vessel and said "as of now" it also had no knowledge of the jets launching flares over it. Israeli Defence Minister Amir Peretz telephoned his German counterpart Franz Josef Jung to clarify that 'Israel has no intention to carry out any aggressive actions' against the German peacekeeping forces in Lebanon, who are there as part of UNIFIL to enforce an arms embargo against Hezbollah. Germany confirmed the consultations, and that both sides were interested in maintaining good cooperation.[32][33][34]
On 31 October 2006, eight Israeli F-15s flew over many areas of Lebanon, including Beirut.[35][36] The IAF jets also flew over a French peacekeeper position in Lebanon. According to the French Defense Minister Michele Alliot-Marie, the planes came in at what was interpreted as an attack formation, and the peacekeepers were "seconds away" from firing at the jets with an anti aircraft missile.[37]
In a report to the Security Council, Annan reported that there were no serious incidents or confrontations, but that peacekeepers reported Israeli flyovers "almost on a daily basis". Israel claimed that the flyovers were to prevent Hezbollah from receiving arms shipments from Syria or Iran.[38]
General Alain Pellegrini warned that the Israeli flyovers violated the cease fire, and threatened the use of force.
[edit] Post-conflict situation
On 24 June 2007, six UNIFIL soldiers (three Colombians and three Spanish) were killed after their vehicle was hit by an explosive device; two others (both Spanish) were injured in the incident.[39] No group has yet admitted responsibility. The Israeli military believed the attack to be the work of al-Qaeda/Global Jihad members.[40] On January 8, 2008 a roadside bomb injured two Irish UNIFIL soldiers 35 km south of Beirut.[41] On March 30, 2008 the UNIFIL patrol, following a suspicious pickup truck that was towing a trailer in the western sector of UNIFIL's area of operations, was blocked by two other vehicles with five armed persons. According to the UNIFIL spokeswoman Yasmina Bouzianne, the patrol challenged the armed people who left the area after about three minutes before a positive identification could be made.[42] The Israeli Ambassador to the UN, Ambassador Dan Carmon, met with UNIFIL commander, Maj.-Gen. Claudio Graziano, on 15 August 2008, after Israel was accused of unilaterally violating United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 by the almost daily overflights of Lebanese airspace, the continued occupation of the village of Ghajar and Israel's refusal to submit maps of areas on which it dropped cluster munitions during the 2006 Lebanese war.[43]
[edit] Countries involved
The following countries have either committed troops, are currently active in UNIFIL, or have offered support to UNIFIL in some way. Countries in bold were part of the original UNIFIL force.
Country | Committed Forces (estimated*) | Support Roles | |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 394[44][45] | de-miners, medical and reconstruction teams [45] 1 Karel Doorman class frigate[46] | |
Brunei | 100[47][48] | ||
Bulgaria | 160[49] | 1 Wielingen Class Frigate | |
China, People’s Republic of | 1,000[50][51] | 200 engineers currently in Lebanon clearing mines and unexploded ordnance, medical team[51] | |
Denmark | 50[44][52] | 2 patrol boats as force protection for German contingent and 144 logistic soldiers | |
Finland | 250[44][53] | reconstructing roads, bridges and other infrastructure destroyed[54] | |
France | 2,000[55][56] | ground troops including 13 French Leclerc tanks;[57] in charge of UNIFIL ground forces until February 2007.[58] In addition, French Navy ships with 1,700 men are deployed off Lebanon in Opération Baliste, and assisting in UNIFIL operations. |
|
Germany | 2,400[59][60] | naval ships to secure the Lebanese coast and prevent arms smuggling[59][60] | |
Ghana | 650[61] | ||
Greece | 176-196 | Elli-class frigate, the HS Kanaris, to patrol against arms smugglers[62] | |
India | 672[61][63] | 01 x Standard Infantry Battalion of the Indian Army (Regulars), along with support components from the Corps of Engineers (Sappers), Corps of Signals and other logistic Arms and Services. | |
Indonesia | 1,136[64][65] | 850 men in mechanized infantry battalion, 75 men in military police unit, 200 men in force protection company, 11 men UNIFIL staff,[66] 111 men aboard KRI Diponegoro (Sigma class corvette)[67] | |
Ireland | 150[54][68] | perimeter protection for Finnish troops[54] | |
Italy | 2,500[69] | ground troops; assumed charge of UNIFIL ground forces in February 2007[70] | |
South Korea | 350[71][72] | Infantry units and medical team. Security task in Tyre area and associated supply mission.[73] Medical aid for local people. | |
Malaysia | 360[74][75] | Administrative(200) and patrol/quick reaction team (160; including commandos and special forces); | |
Nepal | 850[76][77] | infantry battalion[76][77] | |
Netherlands | 150[46] | 1 Karel Doorman class frigate[46] | |
Norway | 100[46][78] | naval ships to secure the Lebanese coast and prevent arms smuggling[46] | |
Poland | 500[44][79] | ||
Portugal | 140[80] | engineering unit | |
Russia | 400[60][81] | rebuilding infrastructure[60] | |
Slovakia | 6 | medical team | |
Slovenia | 14 | 3 Staff Officers, 8 men strong Recon element, 3 men strong Logistical element (as of November 2007) | |
Spain | 1,500[55][82] | de-mining and beach cleaning,mechanized infantry battalion(1 infantry platoon from El Salvador), cavalry squadron, combat engineers , helicopter unit [83][84] | |
Sweden | 40[44][85] | 1 Göteborg class corvette | |
Turkey | 495[86] | engineering unit to help rebuild damaged bridges and roads; Turkish naval frigate patrolling off the Lebanese coast[86] see also http://www.turkishembassy.org.lb/turkliban/turkliban.htm | |
Total | 13,817 |
* Because the troop figures come from second hand sources, the exact numbers can not be accurately verified. In most cases the sources round and/or estimate the figures to the closet proximity.
[edit] UNIFIL leadership
[edit] Personal representatives of the Secretary-General for Southern Lebanon
Start Date | End Date | Name | Country |
---|---|---|---|
March 1978 | ? | Jean Cuq | France |
2000 | January 15, 2001 | Rolf Goran Knutsson | Sweden |
January 15, 2001 | April 2005 | Staffan de Mistura | Sweden |
April 2005 | Present | Geir Pedersen | Norway |
[edit] Commanders of the force
Start Date | End Date | Name | Country |
---|---|---|---|
March 1978 | February 1981 | Emmanuel A. Erskine | Ghana |
February 1981 | May 1986 | William O'Callaghan | Ireland |
June 1986 | June 1988 | Gustav Hägglund | Finland |
July 1988 | February 1993 | Lars-Eric Wahlgren | Sweden |
February 1993 | February 1995 | Trond Furuhovde | Norway |
April 1995 | October 1, 1997 | Stanislaw Franciszek Wozniak | Poland |
February 1997 | September 1999 | Jioje Konousi Koronte | Fiji |
September 30, 1999 | December 1, 1999 | James Sreenan | Ireland |
November 16, 1999 | May 15, 2001 | Seth Kofi Obeng | Ghana |
May 15 | August 17, 2001 | Ganesan Athmanathan | India |
August 17, 2001 | February 17, 2004 | Lalit Mohan Tewari | India |
February 17, 2004 | February 2, 2007 | Alain Pellegrini | France |
February 2, 2007 | January 28, 2010 | Claudio Graziano[87] | Italy |
January 28, 2010 | Present | Alberto Asarta Cuevas | Spain |
[edit] Commanders of the Maritime Task Force
Start Date | End Date | Name | Country |
---|---|---|---|
September 2006 | October 16, 2006 | Giuseppe De Giorgi | Italy |
October 16, 2006 | March 2007 | Andreas Krause | Germany |
March 2007 | September 2007 | Karl-Wilhelm Bollow | Germany |
September 2007 | February 2008 | Christian Luther | Germany |
February 2008 | August 2008[88] | Ruggiero di Biase | Italy |
September 2008 | February 2009 | Jean-Louis Kerignard[89] | France |
March 2009 | May 2009 | Jean-Thierry Pynoo[90] | Belgium |
August 2009 | August 2009 | Ruggiero Di Biase[91] | Italy |
September 2009 | November 2009 | Jürgen Mannhardt[92] | Germany |
December 2009 | present | Paolo Sandalli[93] | Italy |
[edit] Fatalities
To date, UNIFIL has suffered 258 fatalities: 249 military personnel, 2 military observers, 3 international civilian staff, and 4 local staff.[94] Fatalities by nationality include Belgium: 4, Fiji: 35, Finland: 11, France: 30, Ghana: 29, India: 2, Iran: 1, Ireland: 47, Italy: 6, Lebanon: 6, Malaysia: 1, Nepal: 25, Netherlands: 9, Nigeria: 10, Norway: 21, Philippines: 1, Poland: 7, Senegal: 16, Spain: 7, Sweden: 7, United Kingdom: 3.
Date | Incident |
---|---|
31 May 1999: | An Irish soldier, Pte. William Kedian was killed when IDF/DFF mortar fire hit a UNIFIL position. |
July-August 2006: | A total of five UN peacekeepers and staff members are killed by Israeli air and artillery strikes targeting Hezbollah fighters.[95] |
25 September 2006: | A French engineer officer was killed in a road accident near the town of Sofar. |
24 June 2007: | Three Colombian and three Spanish soldiers were killed in a bomb blast between Marjayoun and Khiam. |
25 July 2007: | A French soldier was killed near the village of Shama while clearing unexploded munitions. |
11 October 2007: | A British man, Craig Appleby (36) was killed while clearing munitions near Bint Jbeil. |
12 November 2007: | Two French soldiers were wounded as a result of the accidental discharge of a weapon. One of the wounded men subsequently died while being evacuated to Hospital. |
15 June 2008: | A Spanish soldier was killed and two injured in a road accident. |
3 September 2008: | A Belgian soldier was killed near the village of Aitaroun while clearing munitions left over from the 2006 conflict. |
[edit] Quotes
- "UNIFIL, I'm afraid, is a joke. They’ve been there for 26 years and since then, there have been so many skirmishes [along the border]." - former Israeli ambassador Itamar Rabinovich, 20 July 2006[96]
- "We didn’t like very much UNIFIL which was very useless and very helpless. Look what happened. Did you hear of any particular efforts of the United Nations UNIFIL force in the south of Lebanon to prevent the attacks against Israel in the first place. So they were not useful and that is why we were unhappy with them." Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, August 2, 2006[97]
- " UNIFIL came here in 1978. We were, because at that time there was no Hezbollah here, accused of being sympathetic to Palestinians. A peacekeeping force does not come here with pre-set enemies. There is no enemy [inaudible] in a peacekeeping force. UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force. It's not an Israeli combat force or an anti-terror force, as they would like it to be. As long as we don't serve their direct interests, they are going to denigrate it as much as they can." Timur Goksel, former spokesman of the UNIFIL, July 26, 2006[98]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b "Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5 (1970 - 1978)" (PDF). Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. United Nations. pp. §275–279. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art98/english/rep_supp5_vol5-art98_e.pdf#pagemode=none. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1884 S-RES-1884(2009) page 2 on 27 August 2009 (retrieved 2009-10-21)
- ^ UN Doc S/15194 of 10 June 1982 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
- ^ a b "Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 6 (1979 - 1984)" (PDF). Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. United Nations. pp. §185–§199. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art98/english/rep_supp6_vol6-art98_e.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ United Nations Security Council extends UN force in Lebanon until 31 July, unanimously adopting Resolution 1655 (2006) Retrieved on 2006-08-12
- ^ United Nations Security Council extends United Nations force in Lebanon, unanimously adopting Resolution 1697 (2006) Retrieved on 2006-08-12
- ^ United Nations Security Council calls for end to hostilities between Hizbollah, Israel, unanimously adopting Resolution 1701 (2006) Retrieved on 2006-08-12
- ^ James Bone and Richard Beeston (2006-08-21). "After 31 days of fighting, UN votes for plan to bring peace to Lebanon". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2309181,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ Harry De Quetteville and Michael Hirst (2006-08-27). "UN will not stop Syria sending weapons to Lebanon". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527391/UN-will-not-stop-Syria-sending-weapons-to-Lebanon.html. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ "UNIFIL Maritime Task Force is operational" (PDF). UNIFIL. 2006-10-16. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/pr065.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ "Germany passes command of UNIFIL maritime components to European Maritime Force". German Foreign Office. 2008-02-28. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Infoservice/Presse/Meldungen/2008/080228-UNIFIL.html. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ a b "UNIFIL Maritime Task Force Changes Command" (PDF). UNIFIL. 2008-02-29. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/pr109e.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ The civilian staff statistics are only updated as of February 29, 2008
- ^ a b "Lebanon - UNIFIL - Facts and Figures". United Nations. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/facts.html.
- ^ CNN, 3 August 2001 U.N. report: Kidnapped Israeli soldiers may be dead
- ^ Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (for the period from 21 July 2004 to 20 January 2005) Document S/2005/36
- ^ Haaretz Israel accuses UN of collaborating with Hezbollah Retrieved 2006-10-28
- ^ Lori Lowenthal Marcus (09/04/2006). "What did you do in the war, UNIFIL?". Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/622bqwjn.asp.
- ^ United Nations UNIFIL press releases
- ^ See paragraph 28 in Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (S/2006/560) Accessed 31 July 2006
- ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/pr09.pdf UNIFIL Press Release, Naqoura, 25 July 2006
- ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unifil/pr01.pdf UNIFIL Press Release, Naqoura, 17 July 2006
- ^ UNIFIL Untitled Press Release 26 July 2006
- ^ Tim Butcher (2006-07-27). "UN 'urged Israelis to hold fire 10 times before post was hit'". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1524958/UN-%27urged-Israelis-to-hold-fire-10-times-before-post-was-hit%27.html. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ "Israeli bomb kills UN observers". BBC News. 2006-07-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5215366.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ www.lemonde.fr
- ^ www.alertnet.org
- ^ Qatar to send troops to LebanonSeptember 4, 2006, www.cnn.com
- ^ www.tniad.mil.id
- ^ www.lemonde.fr
- ^ No aggression intended Israel says after German ship incident http://news.monstersandcritics.com
- ^ "Germany, Israel confirm naval vessel-planes incident". Telugu Portal. 2006, 28 October. http://www.teluguportal.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=18958.
- ^ "Germany, Israel confirm naval vessel-planes incident". Middle East News. 2006, 28 October. http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/article_1214671.php/Germany_Israel_confirm_naval_vessel-planes_incident.
- ^ "Israel denies firing shots at German ship". Ynetnews. 2006, 28 October. http://story.malaysiasun.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/b8de8e630faf3631/id/ba4623e8cf1e387d/.
- ^ Israeli jets fly low over Beirut, 31 October 2006, BBC
- ^ Israeli warplanes fly low over Beirut, suburbs, Reuters
- ^ IDF checking French claim its UN troops almost fired at IAF jets, AP in Haaretz
- ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/02/news/UN_GEN_UN_Lebanon_Peacekeepers.php
- ^ Lebanon blast kills UN soldiers BBC, 24 June 2007
- ^ Al-Qaida suspected in attack that killed 5 UNIFIL troops
- ^ Mohammed Zaatari (2008-03-17). "Indonesia to dispatch 90 military police to join countrymen in UNIFIL". The Daily Star (Lebanon). http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidDS170308_dsart4/SecMain/pagHomepage/chnAll%20Regional%20News/obj2A17E941-F5E0-11D4-867D00D0B74A0D7C/. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ The Daily StarUNIFIL confirms incident with gunmen accessed April 24, 2008
- ^ Ha'aretz 16 August 2008, Israeli envoy meets UNIFIL chief over praise for Hezbollah, censure for Israel By Shlomo Shamire
- ^ a b c d e Asian Tribune U.N. Force Looks More European, Less Multinational Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b Expatica Communications Two Belgian generals to serve on Lebanon mission[1] Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b c d e Netherlands Ministry of Defence NEDERLANDS MARINESCHIP NAAR LIBANON Accessed October 2, 2006
- ^ Brudirect.com News Brunei Troops To Join Malaysia In Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Daily Express Accord on Trans-Borneo Highway Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Naharnet Bulgaria Approves Sending 160-Crew Frigate to Lebanon Accessed September 30, 2006
- ^ MonstersandCritics.com Lebanon latest hotspot as China deploys peacekeepers Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b Haaretz China to send as many as 1,000 peacekeeping troops to Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Danish Navy 2 missilfartøjer men ingen korvet til Libanon Accessed October 2, 2006
- ^ Helsingin Sanomat President approves Lebanon force Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b c Herald Tribune Ireland to deploy 150 troops to United Nations force in Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b EiTB24 Italian troops land in Lebanon strengthening renewed UNIFIL Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ FrontPageMagazine.com Making the Ceasefire Stick Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Associated Press French Tanks Give Teeth to U.N. Force Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Forbes France in Lebanon: the strength of hesitation Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b MonstersandCritics.com Germany sends troops to Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b c d China Daily Germany oks Lebanon mission Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b Raw Story Media, Inc. UN opens meeting on Lebanon troops Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ "Greece begins its peacekeeping drive in Lebanon: Frigate has orders to fire if need be". Kathimerini. 2006-09-09. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100004_09/09/2006_74016.
- ^ IndianMuslims.info India to keep existing troops in UNIFIL for 'time being' Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Raw Story Media, Inc. Indonesian soldiers off to Lebanon in late December Accessed December, 2008 is not include 1 KRI diponegoro (sigma class corvettes)
- ^ Helsingin Sanomat Indonesian leader praises Finns for contribution to Aceh peace process Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Indonesian Tiga Kontingen Garuda Diberangkatkan ke Lebanon 18 November 2008, Suara Karya Online
- ^ Antara News KRI Diponegoro Siap Diberangkatkan ke Lebanon
- ^ The Irish Times 150 Irish troops to join UN interim force in Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Italian Missione UNIFIL/OPERAZIONE "LEONTE" - LIBANO Italian Army, Accessed April 3, 2007
- ^ ANSA Peacekeepers need political support Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Jung, Sung-ki (June 21, 2007). "Peacekeeping Unit for Lebanon Created". Korea Times (Korea Times). http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=5215&categoryCode=116. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ "South Korean troops arrive in Lebanon to join UN peacekeepers". The Associated Press (Haaretz, Israel News). July 19, 2007. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/884003.html. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ Korea Picks Site for Military Camp in Lebanon, Korea Times. Korea Times, April 6, 2007, Retrieved on August 31, 2007.
- ^ 200 Soldiers To Play Role As UNIFIL Administrators Bernama.com, September 20, 2006
- ^ Malaysia's Prime Minister's Office
- ^ a b Islamic Republic News Agency Nepal to send 850 troops to war torn Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ a b PeaceJournalism.com Annan Ends his Visit to Beirut after Touring War-Ravaged South Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Sending MTBs Accessed October 2, 2006
- ^ Raw Story Media, Inc. Poland to boost Lebanon UNIFIL force to 500 troops Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Naharnet Portuguese UNIFIL Troops to Head to Lebanon Next Week Accessed October 28, 2006
- ^ Syrian Arab News Agency Russia Sends 1200 Soldiers to Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ People's Daily Online Spanish troops hope to help speed up Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ Daily Star Western envoys discuss deployments to UNIFIL Accessed September 14, 2006
- ^ http://www.mde.es/areasTematicas/misiones/enCurso/misiones/mision_4.html
- ^ Swedish armed forces HMS Gävle på väg søderut Accessed October 2, 2006
- ^ a b Turkish Weekly The Turkish UNIFIL Troops Set off for Lebanon Accessed November 9, 2006
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1503
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1523
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1511&ctl=Details&mid=1609&ItemID=2524
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1511&ctl=Details&mid=1609&ItemID=4044
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1511&ctl=Details&mid=1609&ItemID=5649
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1511&ctl=Details&mid=1609&ItemID=6572
- ^ http://unifil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1511&ctl=Details&mid=1609&ItemID=6572
- ^ http://justice4lebanon.wordpress.com/2007/12/13/the-united-nations-interim-force-in-lebanon-unifil/
- ^ http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unifil/index.shtml
- ^ NPR.org Mass Exodus Continues as Lebanon Seeks Aid
- ^ Times Online (UK) The Times interview with Ehud Olmert: full transcript Accessed August 3, 2006
- ^ Democracy Now!, Kofi Annan Says Israel's Fatal Attack on UN Force in Lebanon was "Apparently Deliberate"; Longtime UN Official Says Israel Knew Site Was UN Base
[edit] See also
- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
- Mattelaer, Alexander (2009). Europe Rediscovers Peacekeeping? Political and Military Logics in the 2006 UNIFIL EnhancementPDF (385 KB), Egmont Paper 34, www.egmontinstitute.be .
- Operation Litani
- Lebanese Civil War
- South Lebanon conflict
- 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
- 1996 shelling of Qana
[edit] Sources
- GlobalSecurity.org Lebanon
[edit] External links
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