Discrimination and Poverty
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Shelley Correll -
Cecilia Ridgeway
Leaders: Shelley Correll, Cecilia Ridgeway
The Poverty and Discrimination RG is charged with developing a regularized protocol for measuring the amount and extent of discrimination in labor and housing markets. It is increasingly clear that labor market discrimination, far from withering away, remains very prominent for many statuses and in many types of markets. However, because this research tradition is based on “one-off” audit studies and laboratory experiments, it is not possible to compare across studies and assess which types of discrimination are the most important or the most resistant to change. There is accordingly a need to build a standardized protocol for monitoring trends in discrimination across the various types of discrimination in play (e.g., poverty status, employment status, homelessness, economic background, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, incarceration status, citizenship, religion, disability). The twofold objective of this protocol is to make it possible to assess which types of discrimination are especially prominent and which types are growing weaker or stronger over time.
Featured Examples
Discrimination - CPI Research
| Title | Author | Media | |
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| Redesigning, Redefining Work | Shelley J. Correll, Erin L. Kelly, Lindsey Trimble O’Connor, Joan C. Williams |
Redesigning, Redefining WorkAuthor: Shelley J. Correll, Erin L. Kelly, Lindsey Trimble O’Connor, Joan C. WilliamsPublisher: Date: 02/2014 The demands of today’s workplace—long hours, constant availability, selfsacrificial dedication—do not match the needs of today’s workforce, where workers struggle to reconcile competing caregiving and workplace demands. This mismatch has negative consequences for gender equality and workers’ health. Here, the authors put forth a call to action: to redesign work to better meet the needs of today’s workforce and to redefine successful work. The authors propose two avenues for future research to achieve these goals: research that (a) builds a more rigorous business case for work redesign/redefinition and (b) exposes the underlying gender and class dynamics of current work arrangements. |
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| Why Status Matters for Inequality | Cecilia L. Ridgeway |
Why Status Matters for InequalityAuthor: Cecilia L. RidgewayPublisher: Date: 02/2014 To understand the mechanisms behind social inequality, this address argues that we need to more thoroughly incorporate the effects of status—inequality based on differences in esteem and respect—alongside those based on resources and power. As a micro motive for behavior, status is as significant as money and power. At a macro level, status stabilizes resource and power inequality by transforming it into cultural status beliefs about group differences regarding who is “better” (esteemed and competent). But cultural status beliefs about which groups are “better” constitute group differences as independent dimensions of inequality that generate material advantages due to group membership itself. Acting through micro-level social relations in workplaces, schools, and elsewhere, status beliefs bias evaluations of competence and suitability for authority, bias associational preferences, and evoke resistance to status challenges from low-status group members. These effects accumulate to direct members of higher status groups toward positions of resources and power while holding back lower status group members. Through these processes, status writes group differences such as gender, race, and class-based life style into organizational structures of resources and power, creating durable inequality. Status is thus a central mechanism behind durable patterns of inequality based on social differences. |
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| Minimizing the motherhood penalty: What works, what doesn’t and why? | Shelley J. Correll | ||
| Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World | Cecilia L. Ridgeway |
Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern WorldAuthor: Cecilia L. RidgewayPublisher: Date: 02/2011 In an advanced society like the U.S., where an array of processes work against gender inequality, how does this inequality persist? Integrating research from sociology, social cognition and psychology, and organizational behavior, Framed by Gender identifies the general processes through which gender as a principle of inequality rewrites itself into new forms of social and economic organization. Cecilia Ridgeway argues that people confront uncertain circumstances with gender beliefs that are more traditional than those circumstances. They implicitly draw on the too-convenient cultural frame of gender to help organize new ways of doing things, thereby re-inscribing trailing gender stereotypes into the new activities, procedures, and forms of organization. This dynamic does not make equality unattainable, but suggests a constant struggle with uneven results. Demonstrating how personal interactions translate into larger structures of inequality, Framed by Gender is a powerful and original take on the troubling endurance of gender inequality. |
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| Normative Discrimination and the Motherhood Penalty | Shelley J. Correll , Stephen Benard |
Normative Discrimination and the Motherhood PenaltyAuthor: Shelley J. Correll , Stephen BenardPublisher: Sage Publications Date: 10/2010 This research proposes and tests a new theoretical mechanism to account for a portion of the motherhood penalty in wages and related labor market outcomes. At least a portion of this penalty is attributable to discrimination based on the assumption that mothers are less competent and committed than other types of workers. But what happens when mothers definitively prove their competence and commitment? In this study, we examine whether mothers face discrimination in labor-market-type evaluations even when they provide indisputable evidence that they are competent and committed to paid work. We test the hypothesis that evaluators discriminate against highly successful mothers by viewing them as less warm, less likable, and more interpersonally hostile than otherwise similar workers who are not mothers. The results support this “normative discrimination” hypothesis for female but not male evaluators. The findings have important implications for understanding the nature and persistence of discrimination toward mothers.
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Discrimination - CPI Working Papers
| Title | Author | Media | |
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| Explaining the Gender Gap in Charitable Giving | Robb Willer, Christopher Wimer, Lindsay A. Owens |
Explaining the Gender Gap in Charitable GivingAuthor: Robb Willer, Christopher Wimer, Lindsay A. OwensPublisher: Date: 01/2015 Relative to other industrialized, Western nations, the United States is uniquely reliant on nongovernmental organizations to provide public goods, including relief services for the poor. Research on charitable provision, however, finds a consistent gender gap in Americans' giving, with women bearing a significantly greater share of the burden than men. Here we investigate what explains gender differences in giving and what can counteract the pattern by increasing men's giving. |
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| The Old Jim Crow: Racial Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Imprisonment | Traci Burch |
The Old Jim Crow: Racial Residential Segregation and Neighborhood ImprisonmentAuthor: Traci BurchPublisher: Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality Date: 04/2014 Mass imprisonment is one of the most important policy changes the United States has seen in the past forty years. In 2011, 1.6 million people, or 1 in 200 adults, in the U.S. were in prison (Guerino, Harrison, and Sabol 2011). Understanding the factors that affect neighborhood imprisonment rates is particularly important for improving the quality of life in disadvantaged communities. This paper examines the impact of one such factor, racial residential segregation, on imprisonment rates at the neighborhood level. |
Discrimination - Other Research
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| Vulnerable Populations and Transformative Law Teaching | Society of American Law Teachers, Golden Gate... |
Vulnerable Populations and Transformative Law TeachingAuthor: Society of American Law Teachers, Golden Gate...Publisher: Carolina Academic Press Date: 03/2011 The essays included in this volume began as presentations at the March 19–20, 2010 “Vulnerable Populations and Economic Realities” teaching conference organized and hosted by Golden Gate University School of Law and co-sponsored by the Society of American Law Teachers (SALT). That conference, generously funded by a grant from The Elfenworks Foundation, brought together law faculty, practitioners, and students to reexamine how issues of race, gender, sexual identity, nationality, disability, and generally—outsider status—are linked to poverty. Contributors have transformed their presentations into essays, offering a variety of roadmaps for incorporating these issues into the law school curriculum, both inside the classroom as well as in clinical and externship settings, study abroad, and social activism. These essays provide glimpses into “teaching moments,” both intentional and organic, to help trigger opportunities for students and faculty to question their own perceptions and experiences about who creates and interprets law, and who has access to power and the force of law. This book expands the parameters of law teaching so that this next generation of attorneys will be dedicated to their roles as public citizens, broadening the availability of justice. Contributors include: John Payton; Richard Delgado; Steven W. Bender; Sarah Valentine; Deborah Post and Deborah Zalesne; Gilbert Paul Carrasco; Michael L. Perlin and Deborah Dorfman; Robin R. Runge; Cynthia D. Bond; Florence Wagman Roisman; Doug Simpson; Anne Marie Harkins and Robin Clark; Douglas Colbert; Raquel Aldana and Leticia Saucedo, Marci Seville; Deirdre Bowen, Daniel Bonilla Maldonado, Kathleen Neal Cleaver, Colin Crawford, and James Forman, Jr.; Susan Rutberg; Mary B. Culbert and Sara Campos; MaryBeth Musumeci, Elizabeth Weeks Leonard, and Brutrinia D. Arellano; Libby Adler; and Paulette J. Williams. The editorial board includes Raquel Aldana, Steven Bender, Olympia Duhart, Michele Benedetto Neitz, Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Hari Osofsky, and Hazel Weiser. |
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| Illegal Migration from Mexico to the United States | Gordon H. Hanson |
Illegal Migration from Mexico to the United StatesAuthor: Gordon H. HansonPublisher: Date: 04/2006 |
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| Housing Discrimination in Metropolitan America: Explaining Changes between 1989 and 2000 | Stephen L. Ross and Margery Austin Turner |
Housing Discrimination in Metropolitan America: Explaining Changes between 1989 and 2000Author: Stephen L. Ross and Margery Austin TurnerPublisher: Date: 05/2005 |
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| Flexible Firms and Labor Market Segmentation: Effects of Workplace Restructuring on Jobs and Workers | Arne. L. Kalleberg |
Flexible Firms and Labor Market Segmentation: Effects of Workplace Restructuring on Jobs and WorkersAuthor: Arne. L. KallebergPublisher: Work and Occupations Date: 05/2003 |
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| Urban Poverty and Juvenile Crime: Evidence from a Randomized Housing-Mobility Experiment | Jens Ludwig, Greg J. Duncan and Paul Hirschfield |
Urban Poverty and Juvenile Crime: Evidence from a Randomized Housing-Mobility ExperimentAuthor: Jens Ludwig, Greg J. Duncan and Paul HirschfieldPublisher: Quarterly Journal of Economics Date: 05/2001 |
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